2nd & 3rd Tri: Face & Neck

Question 1

What plane is best to image nose/lips?

Answer 1

oblique coronal plane

pg. E 138

Question 2

What is the best plane to image the eyes?

Answer 2

true coronal or transverse plane

pg. E 138

Question 3

What plane(s) should the neck be evaluated in?

Answer 3

both sagittal and transverse

pg. E 138

Question 4

What is hypotelorism?

Answer 4

orbits placed closer together than expected

pg. E 139 O 391

Question 5

What is hypotelorism associated with?

Answer 5

syndromes
holoprosencephaly
pg. E 139

Question 6

What is hypertelorism?

Answer 6

orbits placed wider apart than expected

pg. E 139

Question 7

What is hypertelorism associated with?

Answer 7

Anterior cephalocele
Trisomy 18
Noonan Syndrome
Median cleft syndrome
Craniosynostosis
pg. E 139 O 391

Question 8

What is the most common congenital facial abnormality?

Answer 8

facial cleft

pg. E 139 O 391

Question 9

What percentage are cleft lip only?

Answer 9

25%

pg. E 139

Question 10

What percentage is cleft palate only?

Answer 10

25%

pg. E 139

Question 11

What percentage is cleft lip and palate?

Answer 11

50%

pg. E 139

Question 12

What are the sonographic findings of cleft lip/palate?

Answer 12

anechoic cleft extending from nostril to lip
tongue may be seen moving in cleft
polyhydramnios
small stomach
pg. E 139 O 391

Question 13

What is micrognathia?

Answer 13

small jaw (chin)
pg. E 140 O 391

Question 14

What is frontal bossing?

Answer 14

prominent forehead due to absent nasal ridge

pg. E 140

Question 15

What is an epignathus?

Answer 15

rare pharyngeal teratoma protruding from the fetal mouth

pg. E 141

Question 16

What is the sonographic appearance of an epignathus?

Answer 16

large complex mass
hyperextends neck
polyhydramnios (due to ineffective swallowing)
pg. E 141

Question 17

What is the sonographic appearance of a cervical teratoma?

Answer 17

complex mass on/near neck

pg. E 141

Question 18

What is nuchal fold/ nuchal thickening?

Answer 18

increased soft tissue thickness at the posterior neck

pg. E 141

Question 19

What is associated w/ nuchal thickening?

Answer 19

Trisomy 21

pg. E 141

Question 20

What measurement that is considered abnormal for nuchal fold?

Answer 20

> 6 mm between 15-21 weeks

pg. E 141

Question 21

What is a cystic hygroma?

Answer 21

developmental defect of the lymphatic system resulting in cystic areas around neck
pg. E 142

Question 22

What anomalies are associated with cystic hygroma?

Answer 22

Turner's syndrome
Trisomy 21
fetal hydrops
Low AFP levels
pg. E 142

Question 23

What are the sonographic findings of cystic hygromas?

Answer 23

thin walled multiseptated mass at posterior neck
ascites
pleural effusions
pg. E 142

Question 24

What is the most common thoracic abnormality?

Answer 24

Pleural effusion