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Immunology and Microbiology > 2.M Bacterial characteristics and genetics > Flashcards

2.M Bacterial characteristics and genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where can microbes be found?

A

Everywhere

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2
Q

What kind of microbe does medical microbiology study?

A

Infectious agents or pathogens

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3
Q

Is the capsule always present in a bacteria?

A

No

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4
Q

What is the capsule made of?

A

hydrophilic gel consisting of polysaccharides and some sugar residues and few simple polypeptides

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5
Q

2 main sugars that make up peptidoglycan

A

N-acetylglucoamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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6
Q

What kind of blood is normally used for blood agar plates?

A

Horse

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7
Q

What is the function of blood agar plates?

A

Due to enzyme present in some bacteria some kinds will digest the blood, helps with classification

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8
Q

What is beta hemolysis?

A

Complete digestion of blood cells
Lysis of red blood cells

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9
Q

What is alpha hemolysis?

A

Incomplete/partial hemolysis
Partial digestion of blood cells

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10
Q

What is gamma hemolysis?

A

No hemolysis
No digestion

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11
Q

2 parts of bacterial DNA

A

Bacterial chromosomes
Bacterial plasmids

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12
Q

2 main kinds of genetic transmission in bacteria

A

Vertical
Horizontal

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13
Q

What is vertical bacterial genetic material transmission?

A

Distribution to daughter cells allowing cell division

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14
Q

What is horizontal bacterial genetic material transmission?

A

Unidirectional mechanism from donor cell to an acceptor cell

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15
Q

3 requirements for horizontal gene transfer

A

Always unidirectional
The entire chromosome is never transferred
Can occur between different species

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16
Q

3 kinds of horizontal gene transfer

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

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17
Q

What is transformation? (Horizontal gene transfer)

A

Acquisition of free DNA from environment

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18
Q

What is competence? (Transformation, gene transfer)

A

The ability to do transformation

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19
Q

What is competence encoded by?

A

Chromosomal genes which become active under certain conditions

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20
Q

What is the only kind of bacteria that can internalize external DNA?

A

Bacteria which are able to perform competence

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21
Q

What does the date of interposed DNA fragments in transformation depend on?

A

Homology with portion of recipient cell’s DNA

22
Q

What does it mean that DNA share Homology with recipient cell’s DNA?

A

They have same or similar base sequences

23
Q

What happens if there is Homology?

A

Recombination occurs

24
Q

What happens if there is no Homology?

A

DNA is degraded which causes heritage change in recipient

25
Q

What is necessary for artificial transformation?

A

Treating recipient with positive ions (ex Ca+)
Or electroporation

26
Q

What is conjugation? (Horizontal gene transfer)

A

Transfer of plasmids through conjugation pilli

27
Q

Which is the most used genetic transformation mechanism for transferring plasmids?

A

Conjugation

28
Q

What is a conjugation plasmid?

A

Plasmid with gene to produce pilus (F. pilus)

29
Q

What is needed for conjugation to start?

A

At least 1 conjugative plasmid

30
Q

Can non conjugative plasmids go through the pilli?

A

Yes

31
Q

How are plasmids replicated?

A

VI’s rolling circle mechanism

32
Q

How are plasmids transferred in conjugation?

A

Through the conjugative bridge

33
Q

2 types of extrachromosomal bacterial DNA

A

Plasmids
Mobile (transposable) genetic material

34
Q

Are plasmids circular or linear?

A

Circular

35
Q

What kind of replication are plasmids capable of?

A

Autonomous replication

36
Q

Are plasmids bigger or smaller than bacterial chromosome?

A

Smaller

37
Q

How many base pairs in plasmids?

A

10^3-10^5

38
Q

What kind of genetic elements are plasmids?

A

Accessory genetic elements

39
Q

How many genes does plasmids contain?

A

<30

40
Q

What 2 kinds of does plasmids contain?

A

Genes for self replication
Non essential genetic information

41
Q

Can plasmids integrate into the bacterial chromosome?

A

Some can yes

42
Q

What is a geneticcassete?

A

Plasmids that travel together (often present in multi drug resistant)

43
Q

5 types of plasmids

A

Conjugative plasmids
Col plasmids
Virulence plasmids
Metabolic plasmids
R plasmids/R (resistance) factors

44
Q

What do conjugative plasmids do?

A

Promote own transfer via encoding proteins that permit passage of their (and chromosomal) DNA

45
Q

What do conjugative plasmids include?

A

Structures such as type IV secretion system and sec pilus

46
Q

What does col plasmids contain the genes for production of?

A

Bacteriocins

47
Q

What do virulence plasmids contain genes for?

A

Production of toxins, pili and other adhesions

48
Q

What does metabolic plasmids contain the genes for?

A

Production of degrative enzymes or that are responsible for resistance to heavy metals

49
Q

What does R plasmids/R factors code genes responsible for?

A

Resistance
Enzymes that mediate many of the resistance mechanisms

50
Q

R-plasmids of gram-negative bacteria can be transmitted across what?

A

Species’ boundaries and between genera (at low freq)

51
Q

From where are R genes acquired by plasmids?

A

Transposons

52
Q

What is spread of R plasmids facilitated by?

A

Plasmidchromosome transposon hopping

Immunology and Microbiology (11 decks)

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