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Immunology and Microbiology > 2+3.I Etiology - Environmental Pathology > Flashcards

2+3.I Etiology - Environmental Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are environmental diseases?

A

Conditions caused by exposure to chemical and physical agents (includes diseases of nutritional origin)

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1
Q

Expected human health effects of climate change

A

Gastroenteritis
Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases
Vector-borne infectious diseases
Malnutrition

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2
Q

What can be poison?

A

Any agent of chemical and biological nature can have toxic effects dependant on level of exposure (dosage) and exposure time

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3
Q

What are drug and xenobiotics metabolised from?

A

“inactive” water-soluble products (detoxification)

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4
Q

Is the sensitivity towards chlorpyrifos the same in everyone?

A

No it varys from person to person due to variable activity of CYPs

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5
Q

3 inhibitors if CYP activity

A

Starvation
Fasting
Malnutrition

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6
Q

4 inducers of CYP activity

A

Drugs
Smoking
alcohol
Hormones

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7
Q

3 sources of outdoor air pollution

A

Industrial activity
Heating system
Motor vehicles

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8
Q

2 types of pollutants according to concentration

A

Micropollutants
Macropollutants

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9
Q

2 types of pollutants according to origin

A

Primary
Secondary

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10
Q

What is TSD?

A

Total suspended dust

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11
Q

What is SD?

A

Suspended dust

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12
Q

What is PM?

A

Particulate matter

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13
Q

What is particulate matter?

A

Part of total suspended dust

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14
Q

What size of particles stops the upper respiratory tract?

A

Diameter greater then 10micrometer

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15
Q

What can a particle with a diameter smaller than 10micrometer reach?

A

Treachea
bronchi
Pulmonary alveoli

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16
Q

Health risks of pollution (4)

A

Pregnancy, foetuses and birth effects
Cardiovascular disease
Respiratory disease
Cognitive hazards

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17
Q

Personal habits that could cause disease (3)

A

Tobacco use
Alcohol ingestion
Recreational drug consumption

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18
Q

How much is survival reduced at 75 years when smoking?

A

25%

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19
Q

How do you calculate the survival rate based on smoking?

A

Number of packs per day * number of years

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20
Q

What does nicotine bind to?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

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21
Q

What acute effects does nicotine binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have?

A

Increase heart rate
Increase blood pressure
Elevation of cardiac contractility and output

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22
Q

What does nicotine stimulate when binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?

A

Catecholamines

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23
Q

What are the chronic effects of nicotine?

A

Fetal brain development
Preterm birth and stillbirth
Cancer

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24
Q

What is polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines directly involved with?

A

Development of lung cancer

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25
Q

What is polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosaminesactivated by?

A

Cytochromes P-450

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26
Q

How does combination of smoking and alcohol affect the risk of developing oral and laryngeal cancers?

A

Increases the risk

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27
Q

Kinds of cancer smoking is associated with (8)

A

Esophagus
Pancreas
Bladder
Kidney
Cervix
Bone marrow
Liver
Colon

28
Q

How does smoking effect the tracheobronchial mucosa?

A

Irritant effect

29
Q

Smoking increases the risk of (5)

A

Type 2 diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
Age-related macular degeneration
Ectopic pregnancy
Erectile dysfunction

30
Q

What is alcohol abuse disorder (AUD)?

A

Chronic relapsing brain disease characterised by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use

31
Q

What is the legal alcohol level?

A

80mg/dL (0.008%)

32
Q

What is ethanols effect on CNS?

A

Its a CNS depressor

33
Q

Where is alcohol mainly metabolised?

A

In the liver

34
Q

Most important toxic derived from alcohol metabolism

A

Acetaldehyde

35
Q

Which effects of alcohol is acetaldehyde responsible for?

A

Acute effects

36
Q

Chronic effects of the liver (4)

A

Lipid accumulation
Inflamation
Fibrosis
Carciogenises

37
Q

What does lipid accumulation caused by alcohol cause?

A

Alcohol fatty liver

38
Q

What does inflammation caused by alcohol cause?

A

Alcoholic steatohepatitis

39
Q

What does fibrosis cause my alcohol cause?

A

Alcoholic fibrosis/cirrhosis

40
Q

What does carcinogenisis cause my alcohol cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

41
Q

What does alcohol oxidation require a lot of?

A

NAD+

42
Q

What does the increase in the NADH/NAD ratio in alcoholics cause?

A

Lactic acidosis

43
Q

What are some toxic effects which are a result of ethanol metabolism?

A

Alcohol oxidation
ROS generation
Acute alcoholism
Chronic alcoholism

44
Q

Which 2 anticoagulant drugs cause adverse reactions most frequently?

A

Warfarin
Dabigatran

45
Q

What does Warren block?

A

Vitamin K reductase

46
Q

Is warfarin selective?

A

No it affect all vitamin dependant factors in coagulation

47
Q

Risks of using menopausal hormone therapy

A

Breast cancer
Stroke
Venous thromboembolism (VTE)
(After 5 years of treatment)

48
Q

What does the risks of using menopausal hormone therapy depend on?

A

Type hormonal therapy used
Age of patient when treatment was started
Duration of treatment
Hormone dosage, formulation and route of administration

49
Q

What are some benefits of menopausal hormone therapy?

A

Protects against the development of atherosclerosis and coronary disease in women younger than 60 years

50
Q

What does oral contraceptives increase the risk of?

A

Onset of pathologic conditions
Cervical cancer 8in women infected with human papilloma virus)
Thromboembolism (real risk is controversial)
Cardiovascular disease in smokers
Hepatic adenoma

51
Q

Does oral contraceptives increase the risk of breast carcinoma?

A

No

52
Q

What are some risk of acetaminophen (paracetamol)?

A

Liver failure
Mortality

Only with very large usage

53
Q

Negative effects of Asprin

A

CNS change s(impaired hearing, mental confusion, drowsiness)
Nausea
VOmiting
Diarrhea
Erosive gastritis (gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration)
Bleeding

54
Q

What does cocaine block?

A

The dopamine transporters

55
Q

Why is euphoria experienced when on coke?

A

Enhancement of brain dopamine activity

56
Q

What is cardiovascular effects of cocaine use caused by?

A

Blockade of uptake of epinephrine and norepinephrine at adrenergic nerve ending which causes accumulation of neurotransmitters in synapse

57
Q

Cardiovascular effects of cocaine (6)

A

Tachycardia
Hypertension
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Coronary artery vasorestriction
Platelet aggregation
Myocardial ischemia

58
Q

Positive feelings associated with use of cocaine (6)

A

Increased alertness
Well being
Euphoria
Increased energy and motor activity
Increased feelings of competence
Increased sexuality

59
Q

What kind of drug is heroin?

A

Opioid

60
Q

Effects of heroin on the CNS

A

Euphoria
Hallucinations
Somnolence
Sedation
Rapid addiction

61
Q

What is heroin derived from?

A

Morphine (poppy plant)

62
Q

Most important adverse effect of heroin

A

Sudden death

63
Q

Pulmonary injury caused by heroin

A

Edema
Septic embolism from endocarditis
Lung abscess
Opportunistic infections
Foreign body granulomas

64
Q

Where does heroine often cause infection?

A

Skin
Heart valves
Liver
Lungs

65
Q

What is the nost common infection spread by heroin?

A

HIV

66
Q

Effects of heroin on kidneys

A

Amyloidosis
Glomerulosclerosis
Proteinuria
Nephrotic syndrome

67
Q

How does methamphetamine work?

A

Releases dopamine in the brain which inhibits presynaptic neurotransmission at corticostriatal synapses altering glutamatergic transmission

68
Q

Effects of marijuana

A

Euphoria
Sense of relaxation
Lower nausea
Decrease pain

Immunology and Microbiology (11 decks)

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