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Immunology and Microbiology > 1.M general bacteriology > Flashcards

1.M general bacteriology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Size order of virus, bacteria and funghi

A

virus< bacteria< funghi

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2
Q

Who was the father of microbiology?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

What are viruses?

A

Not cells, they are sub cellular entities

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4
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Unicellular prokaryotes

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5
Q

What are fungi?

A

Eukaryotic unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (filament fungi or moles) microorganisms

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6
Q

What are parasites?

A

Unicellular eukaryotes protozoa and helminths

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7
Q

What do microorganisms do in the environment?

A

Responsible for breakdown and natural recycling of organic material
Can synthesise compounds (like antibiotics, drugs and food)

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8
Q

3 types of host organism relationships

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

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9
Q

2 types of infectious diseases

A

Noncommunicable infections
Communicable infectious diseases

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10
Q

3 types od infectious diseases

A

Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic

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11
Q

What is an exogenous infection ?

A

When the etiologic agent enters the body from the outside directly or indirectly through inanimate vehicles or animated vectors

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12
Q

2 types of transmission

A

Horizontal tranmission
Vertical or perinatal transmission

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13
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

Direct or indirect person to person

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14
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

From mother to child

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15
Q

What are endogenous infections?

A

The etiologic agent is part of the human microbiota

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16
Q

What kind of cells has organelles in the cytoplasm?

A

Eukaryotes

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17
Q

Name of aerobic gram positive bacteria

A

Bacillus

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18
Q

Name of anaerobic gram positive bacteria

A

Clostridium

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19
Q

What is a survival, metabolically quiescent form of gram positive rods?

A

Spore

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20
Q

When are spores formed?

A

When there is an adverse environment (survival mechanism)

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21
Q

Can all bacteria transform into spores?

A

No only a few which are spore-forming (typically gram-positive)

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22
Q

Can a spore turn back to a metabolically active bacteria if the environmental conditions go back to normal?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What happens when spores are reintroduced in good conditions?

A

Spore germination

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24
Q

Can a spore die in the environment changes into something its not resistant to?

A

Yes

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25
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Binary fission

26
Q

Which is the fastest growing bacteria?

A

E coli (20 min)

27
Q

In which media does bacteria grow faster?

A

Liquid media

28
Q

What I mutualism?

A

Host-microorganism relationship where each species has net benefit

29
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Host-microorganism relationship where one species benefits and other isn’t harmed

30
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Host-microorganism relationship where one species benefits and other is harmed

31
Q

3 ways for pathogen to gain access to host

A

Directly
Inanimate vehicles
Living vectors

32
Q

2 kinds of localisation (tropism)

A

Random
Elective

33
Q

Why is the incubation period of a pathogen important to know?

A

To be able to control outbreaks

34
Q

What kind of communicable infection is constantly pr4esent?

A

Endemic

35
Q

What does Allochtnonous mean?

A

Introduced from a different environment, habitat or geographical area

36
Q

What is an endogenous infection?

A

Infection by etiologic agent already part of human microbiota

37
Q

What can the etiologic agent be in an endogenous infection

A

Autochthonous
Opportunistic

38
Q

What can favour the development of disseases caused by opportunistic pathogens?

A

Reduction in host defence (age (old and young), immunodeficiency either caused by syndrome or drugs)

39
Q

Where are healthcare-associated infections acquired?

A

During hospitalisation or medical treatment

40
Q

What kind of pathogens are typically associated with healthcare-associated infections?

A

Opportunistic pathogens derived from either exogenous or endogenous sources

41
Q

How are circulating hospital strains often characterised?

A

By drug-resistance and/or increased virulence

42
Q

What does spirochete morphology mean?

A

That the bacteria is coiled

43
Q

What does cocci morphology mean?

A

That the bacteria is round

44
Q

What does it mean that a bacteria is gram positive?

A

It lacks an outer membrane

45
Q

Does a gram positive bacteria have peptidoglycan layer?

A

Yes, often thicker than gram negative

46
Q

What does it mean that a bacteria is gram negative?

A

Has an outer membrane

47
Q

What is spore resistance due to?

A

The dehydrated state and calcium dipicolinate

48
Q

Is exosporium present in all spores?

A

No

49
Q

What is the coat of a spore made of?

A

Different highly cross-linked proteins

50
Q

What is the cortex of a spore made of?

A

Modified peptidoglycan

51
Q

What is the cell wall of a spore made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

52
Q

What is the core of a spore made of?

A

Dehydrated cytoplasm containing dipicolinate

53
Q

What happens during the exponential phase of bacteria growth?

A

Reproduction (mos able to be attacked by drugs)

54
Q

What happens during the stationary phase of bacteria growth?

A

Nothing, quiescent time (no reproduction and no change)

55
Q

During which phase of bacteria growth is it most likely to be attacked by drugs?

A

Exponential phase

56
Q

2 types of nutrient components of a medium

A

Synthetic minimal media
Complex media (nutrient media)

57
Q

What does selective media contain?

A

Dyes, other chemical additives and antimicrobial agents

58
Q

When is selective media used?

A

When a specific pathogenic organism is sought and when you want to avoid it to be overgrown

59
Q

What does indicator media contain?

A

Substances designed to demonstrate biochemical or other features characteristic of specific pathogens or organism groups

60
Q

What is often added to indicator media and why?

A

Carbohydrates abd pH indicator to see if there is fermentation or oxidation of the carbohydrates by the organism (causes color change)

61
Q

Which media does bacteria grow faster in?

A

Liquid media

62
Q

What is turbidity?

A

Reflection of light transmitted by bacterial cells

Immunology and Microbiology (11 decks)

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