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Immunology and Microbiology > 1.G General pathology intro > Flashcards

1.G General pathology intro Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogenic factors which cause diseases?

A

Exogenous stimuli and endogenous defects capable of altering the homeostatic condition

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2
Q

What is ethology?

A

Discipline that studies the causes of diseases

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3
Q

What is pathigenesis?

A

Mechanism of action by which the causes act

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4
Q

What is a disease?

A

Detectable deviation of the homeostatic condition

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5
Q

2 kinds of etiological factors

A

Intrinsic (genetic)
Acquired (extrinsic)

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6
Q

4 kind of causes for extrinsic etiological factors

A

Physical
Chemical
Food
Biological

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7
Q

2 diseases related only to genetic factors

A

Muscular dystrophy
Haemophilia

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8
Q

What are most diseases classified as?

A

Multifactoral

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9
Q

Example of multifactorial diseases (3)

A

Cancer
Diabetes
Cardiovascular diseases

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10
Q

Example of cancer which is genetic and what gene is effected

A

Breast cancer (BRACA1 gene)

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11
Q

Example of cancer which is due to exogenous factors

A

Lung cancer

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12
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Diseases studied at the level of population

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13
Q

What is clinical medicine?

A

Diseases studied at the level of individual

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14
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Diseases studied at the level of organ or system

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15
Q

What is histopathology?

A

Dieseases studied at the level of tissue

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16
Q

What is cytopathology?

A

Diseases studied at the level of cells

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17
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

Diseases studied at the level of organelles

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18
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Diseases studied at the level of genes

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19
Q

What is biophysics?

A

Diseases studied at the level of molecules

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20
Q

What is a proteasome?

A

Multiprotein complex involved in the degradation of the polypeptides within a cell

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21
Q

What is the molecule of life?

A

DNA

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22
Q

Length of DNA present in a cell

A

2 m

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23
Q

How many billions base pairs in DNA present in a cell?

A

3.2 bill

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24
Q

Name of the 2 arms of DNA

A

P arm
Q arm

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25
Q

Name of the transcriptionally inactive chromatin

A

Heterochormotin (dark)

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26
Q

Name of the transcriptionally active chromatin

A

Euchromatin (light)

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27
Q

5 levels of DNA condensation

A

Double helix DNA
Chromatin: DNA strand with histones
Chromatin condensed during interphase
Chromatin condensation during prophase
Chrimosomes during metaphase

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28
Q

How many genes are present in a cell?

A

About 30,000

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29
Q

How many types of polymerase are found in a cell?

A

3

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30
Q

2 types of class II genes

A

Constitutive genes
Inducible genes

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31
Q

What is a basal promotor

A

The shortest sequence by which RNA polymerase II can initiate transcription

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32
Q

What are inducible promote ?

A

Response elements

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33
Q

What are heat shock protein caused by?

A

Internal stress

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34
Q

What is HSF?

A

Heat shock factor

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35
Q

What is HSP

A

Heat shock protein

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36
Q

Synthesis of which proteins is increased when induced to stress?

A

Heat shock factor

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37
Q

What are the 2 steps in transcription regulation?

A

Changes in the local structure of the gene
The basal transcription apparatus bind to the promotor

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38
Q

3 domains in transcription factor domains

A

Dimerization domain (some dimer factor)
DNA-binding domain
Activation domain

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39
Q

What do enhancers do?

A

Influence the activity of the promote

40
Q

Where can regulatory sequences be located?

A

Variable distances from the gene, upstream or downstream and in both orientation

41
Q

What is methylation?

A

Addition of a methyl group

42
Q

What does methylation typically suppress?

A

Gene expression

43
Q

How does methylation typically suppress gene expression?

A

By increasing the interaction between DNA and histones

44
Q

What do acetylation and deacetylation do?

A

Regulate gene expression

45
Q

How does methylation of DNA and histones eggiest nucleosomes?

A

Cause them to pack tightly

46
Q

How many genes encode for miRNA?

A

About 1000

47
Q

What is the enzyme called that can cut the RNA?

A

Dicer

48
Q

3 types of cells on the basis of replicators potential

A

Labile
Stable
Permanent

49
Q

What are labile cells?

A

Continuously dividing/proliferating

50
Q

Example of labile cells

A

Epithelial cells
Haemopoietic stem cell

51
Q

What are stable cells?

A

Can divide but not constantly

52
Q

Example of stable cells

A

Epithelial cells
Smooth muscle cells
Fibroblast
Endothelial cells

53
Q

What are permanent cells?

A

Non-dividing/proliferating cells

54
Q

Example of permanent cells

A

Cardiac and skeletal myocytes
CNS neurons

55
Q

!How long does it take for a cell to divide?!

A

Varies from cell to cell but the mean value is 24 hours

56
Q

!How many red blood cells present in the human body?!

A

5-6 million per mm^3

57
Q

How long does DNA replication take?

A

8 hours

58
Q

How long does mitosis take?

A

1 hour

59
Q

Fundamental mechanisms regulating the cell cycle consists of the activity of which 2 protein complexes?

A

Cyclin
Cycline-dependant kinases (CDK)

60
Q

Why are cyclins called cyclins?

A

Because they are synthesised and degraded in the process

61
Q

Which amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A

Tyrosine (most important)
Serine
Threonine

62
Q

2 examples for inhibit kinases (INK)

A

P16
P21

63
Q

pH of blood

A

7.4

64
Q

What kind of RNA is polymerase I (nucleol)?

A

Ribosomal RNA

65
Q

What kind of RNA is polymerase II (nucleplasm)?

A

Messenger RNA

66
Q

What kind of RNA is polymerase III (nucleoplasm)?

A

RNA transfer

67
Q

What is a promoter?

A

DNA seq that regulate transcription

68
Q

What is an enhancer?

A

Reinforcement element

69
Q

What kind of structure does an enhancer have?

A

Modular

69
Q

What kind of structure does a promoter have?

A

Modular

70
Q

What kind of sequence does promoter have?

A

Common and specific

71
Q

What kind of localisation does enhancer have?

A

Variable

72
Q

What does an inducible promoter contain?

A

Basal sequences and specific response elements

73
Q

What is a basal promoter?

A

Shortest seq which RNA polymerase ii can initiate transcription

74
Q

What does basal promoter contain?

A

Common or constructive regulatory seq.

75
Q

What is the function of basal promoter?

A

Allow correct localisation of starting complex to regulate efficiency of transcription

76
Q

What does the basal transcription apparatus RNA polymerase ii require to initiate transcription?

A

Ancillary factors

77
Q

What type of transcriptional factors one binds to specific sequences?

A

Inducible

78
Q

Which transcriptional factors are not specific to particular genes?

A

Constitutive

79
Q

Which transcriptional factors constitute basal apparatus for transcription?

A

Constitutive

80
Q

Which transcriptional factors are only able to bind to target seq in activated form?

A

Inducible

81
Q

Which 2 properties must transcription factors have?

A

Recognise specific localised target seq. in promoters, enhancer or other reg elements
Interact w/ RNA polymerase or other transcriptional factors

82
Q

What is gene expression associated with?

A

DNA demethylation

83
Q

What happens if there is methylation close to a promoter?

A

Absence of transcription

84
Q

What is histone methylation?

A

Methyl group is transferred to AA of histone proteins

85
Q

What decides if there is an increase or decrease in transcription of genes after histone methylation?

A

Which AA is methylated and how many groups are attached

86
Q

Where does methylation usually take place?

A

R residues of Arg and Lys at N-terminal end of histones

87
Q

What effect does it have that methylation usually suppresses gene expression?

A

Increases the interaction between DNA and histones

88
Q

In what areas is acetylation increased?

A

Areas containing active genes

89
Q

What is deacetylation a prerequsite for?

A

Condensed and inactive structure

90
Q

What cuts RNAds into smaller fragments (19-21 bp)?

A

The enzyme DICER

91
Q

What does the fundamental mechanism regulating cellcycle consist of?

A

Activity of protein complex formed by cyclin and cyclin-dependant kinases (CDK)

92
Q

2 chromatin remodelling factors

A

Histone deacetylases
Histone Methyltransferase

93
Q

What happens to chromatin when RB is hypophosphorylated?

A

Compact and inhibiting possibility of transcription

94
Q

What happens to chromatin when RB is phosphorylated?

A

Chromatin is accessible to transcriptional factors including E2F for transcription of S-phase genes

95
Q
A

Immunology and Microbiology (11 decks)

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