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Pathology and Immunology > Signal-transduction pathway (G) > Flashcards

Signal-transduction pathway (G) Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the cell are transcription factors activated?

A

Nucleus or cytosol

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2
Q

What do positive growth factors do?

A

Stimulate cell division

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3
Q

What do growth-inhibiting factors do?

A

Inhibit cell division

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4
Q

What does GPCR ligand stand for?

A

G-protein coupled receptor ligand

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5
Q

What happens if there is unbalance between positive and negative regulators?

A

It induces an abnormal cell signalling and promote cancer

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6
Q

Where is the non receptor tyrosine kinase based receptor found?

A

In the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What does the non receptor tyrosine kinase based receptor do?

A

Modulates the intracellular signal

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8
Q

What kind of kinase receptors are there?

A

Tyrosine
Serine
Threonine

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9
Q

Where are notch ligands often found?

A

On stem cells

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10
Q

Where are the receptors for nuclear hormones found?

A

In the cytoplasm as they are hydrophobic so they can pass plasma membranes

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11
Q

What does EGF stand for?

A

Epidermal growth factor

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12
Q

Why is the epidermal growth factor receptor important?

A

As it stimulates proliferation of most cells

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13
Q

What does NGF stand for?

A

Nerve growth factor

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14
Q

What does PDGF stand for?

A

Platelet derived growth factor receptor

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15
Q

What does FGF stand for?

A

Fibroblast growth facter

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16
Q

What does VEGF stand for?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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17
Q

Name the 6 most important tyrosine kinase receptors

A

EGF
NGF
Insulin
PDGF
FGF
VEGF

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18
Q

Name the 4 receptors in the HER family

A

EGFR (HER1)
HER2
HER3
HER4

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19
Q

What is EGFR a target for?

A

Treatment of colon cancer

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20
Q

What are the ligands for EGFR?

A

EGF
TGFX
Amphiregulin
HB-EGF
Betacellulin

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21
Q

What are the ligands for HER2?

A

No specific ligands

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22
Q

What does HER2 often act as?

A

A dimer part

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23
Q

What are the ligands for HER3?

A

Hergulin

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24
Q

What are the ligands for HER4?

A

Hergulin
Betacellulin
NRG2
NRG3

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25
Q

What does DAG stand for?

A

Diaglyglycerol

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26
Q

What can PLCbeta and PLCgamma break PIP2 into?

A

IP3 and DAG

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27
Q

What does PLCbeta stand for?

A

phospholipase C- beta

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28
Q

What does PLCgamma stand for?

A

Phospholipase C- gamma

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29
Q

What is DAG the physiological activator of?

A

PKC

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30
Q

What does sIP3 determine? and how?

A

An increase in free intracellular calcium as it induces calcium to be released from the ER

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31
Q

Why is calcium a useful second messenger?

A

As the concentration outside the cell is high and the concentration inside the cell is low

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32
Q

What is the concentration of calcium outside the cell?

A

1.8mM

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33
Q

What happens if GAP is absent?

A

RAS is constantly activated causing constant proliferation

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34
Q

How many tumors have RAS mutations?

35
Q

Which is the only inhibiting growth factor you need to remember?

36
Q

What does RTK stand for?

A

Receptor for tyrosine kinase

37
Q

Process for JAK and STAT pathway

A

Binding to the cytokine
JAK phosphorylates the receptor
STAT binds to the phosphorylated tyrosine, become a dimer and moves to the nucleus

38
Q

What does JAK phosphorylate?

A

The tail of the receptor in the intracellular compartment

39
Q

What are cytokines involved in?

A

Inflammation

40
Q

What do cytokines regulate?

A

The most important pathways in immunology

41
Q

What is transduction of cytokine receptors mediated by?

42
Q

What does mTOR stand for?

A

Mammalian target of rapamycin

43
Q

What is mTOR activated by?

A

Phosphorylation by G-protein Rheb

44
Q

What does mTOR control?

A

The anabolic process, cell growth and proliferation

45
Q

What kind of kinase is mTOR?

A

Serine/threonine kinase

46
Q

How many complexes can mTOR exist in?

47
Q

What is mTORC 1 involved in?

A

Protein synthesis (more involved in cancer than mTORC2)

48
Q

What is mTORC 2 involved in?

A

Phosphorylation of AKT and cytoskeletal organisation

49
Q

What kind of drugs often inhibit mTORC?

A

Immunosuppressive drugs

50
Q

Which mTORC does rapamycin inhibit?

51
Q

Which drug that inhibits mTORC is used to improve transplantations?

52
Q

In how many percent of tumors is p53 either inactive or mutated?

53
Q

What can inactivate p53?

54
Q

When is p53 degraded?

A

When it binds to MDM2

55
Q

What happens when MDM2 is phosphorylated?

A

It moves to the nucleus and binds to p53 which then is degraded in the proteasome

56
Q

What kind of mutation in p53 causes tumors?

A

Point mutation

57
Q

What causes the point mutation in p53 that leads to cancer?

58
Q

Easy tell tale sign that lung cancer is due to smoking

A

Point mutation in p53

59
Q

What can happen if MDM2 is over expressed?

60
Q

How does AKT play an anti-apoptotic role?

A

By controlling survival genes and death genes

61
Q

What kind of molecule is AKT?

62
Q

What kind of molecule is PTEN?

A

Phosphatase

63
Q

Name a tumor supressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog

64
Q

Is PTEN active or inactive in cancer?

A

Inactive (which leads to the pathway constantly being active)

65
Q

Name 2 survival genes

A

BCI-2
BCI-xl

66
Q

Name a death gene

67
Q

What kind of molecule is PI3K?

68
Q

What 3 subclasses is PI3K divided into?

A

Structure
Regulation
Lipid substrate specificity

69
Q

What are class I PI3Ks?

A

Heterodimeric proteins

70
Q

Name 2 class I PI3Ks

A

p110 (catalytic subunit)
p85 (regulatory subunit, primarily involved in the pathogenesis of human cancer)

71
Q

What does it mean that PI3K is a photo-oncogene

A

It is normally present in the cell

72
Q

What happens when PI3K is mutated?

A

It becomes and oncogene and is in cancer

73
Q

What is the phosphorylation of AKT important in?

A

Cell growth
Metabolism
Survival

74
Q

What does PI3K phosphorylate ?

A

PIP2 into PIP3

75
Q

Name 3 important transcription factors

A

AP-1
E2F
CMyc

76
Q

What does the stimulation of B-Raf increase?

A

Expression of C-jun and C-fos which up regulates AP-1-Regulated gene transcription

77
Q

Name the 3 RAS (rat sarcoma) int eh family of GTPase

A

KRas (kirsten RAS)
NRas (neuroblastoma Ras)
HRas (Harvey Ras)

78
Q

In which of the 3 Ras do most mutations occur?

79
Q

Which of the 3 Ras are viruses?

80
Q

How many percent of tumors have Ras mutation?

81
Q

What happens if GAP is absent?

A

Continuos proliferation

82
Q

What activates RAS?

83
Q

How is RAS activated?

A

It is phosphorylated, turning GDP into GTP

84
Q

What does activated RAS

Pathology and Immunology (10 decks)

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