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Pathology and Immunology > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cytokines are small proteins that are important in cell signaling.

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2
Q

True or False: Cytokines can act in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner.

A

True

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3
Q

What is the primary function of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

To promote inflammation and recruit immune cells to sites of infection.

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4
Q

What is the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A

To reduce inflammation and promote healing.

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5
Q

True or False: Cytokines can only be produced by immune cells.

A

False

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6
Q

What type of cytokine is Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)?

A

A type of pro-inflammatory cytokine.

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7
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of cytokines? A) Cell proliferation B) Apoptosis C) DNA replication

A

C) DNA replication

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8
Q

What is the main source of cytokines in the body?

A

Activated immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Cytokines are produced in response to __________.

A

infection, injury, or immune activation

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10
Q

How do cytokines exert their effects on target cells?

A

By binding to specific receptors on the target cell surface.

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11
Q

True or False: Cytokines can have overlapping functions.

A

True

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12
Q

What is a key characteristic of cytokine signaling?

A

It can be highly pleiotropic, meaning one cytokine can have multiple effects.

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13
Q

Name a cytokine that is critical for the activation of macrophages.

A

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

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14
Q

What is the role of chemokines?

A

To direct the migration of immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Cytokines are involved in __________ regulation of immune responses.

A

both positive and negative

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16
Q

Which cytokine is known for its role in fever induction?

A

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

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17
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cytokine is primarily associated with allergic responses? A) IL-4 B) TNF-α C) IFN-γ

A

A) IL-4

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18
Q

What is the function of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)?

A

To regulate cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: Cytokines are involved in __________ communication between cells.

A

intercellular

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20
Q

Name one effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10).

A

It inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

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21
Q

True or False: Cytokines are only involved in the immune system.

A

False

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22
Q

What type of immune response is primarily mediated by Th1 cells?

A

Cell-mediated immune response.

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23
Q

What is the role of interleukin-12 (IL-12)?

A

To promote the differentiation of T cells into Th1 cells.

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24
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cytokine is involved in the regulation of B cell function? A) IL-2 B) IL-4 C) IL-10

A

B) IL-4

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25
Q

What is the function of interleukin-8 (IL-8)?

A

To act as a chemokine that attracts neutrophils to sites of infection.

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26
Q

True or False: Cytokines can only be produced in response to pathogens.

A

False

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27
Q

What is the significance of cytokine storm?

A

It is an excessive immune response that can lead to tissue damage and organ failure.

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28
Q

Which cytokine is known for its role in the differentiation of regulatory T cells?

A

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)

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29
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the activation of natural killer (NK) cells? A) IL-2 B) TNF-α C) IFN-α

A

C) IFN-α

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30
Q

What is the main function of interleukin-2 (IL-2)?

A

To promote the growth and differentiation of T cells.

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: Cytokines can mediate __________ responses.

A

adaptive and innate

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32
Q

Which cytokine is associated with chronic inflammation?

A

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a cytokine that promotes the survival and proliferation of T cells.

A

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

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34
Q

What is the primary role of interleukin-5 (IL-5)?

A

To promote the growth and activation of eosinophils.

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35
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cytokine is known to inhibit Th1 responses? A) IL-4 B) IL-12 C) IFN-γ

A

A) IL-4
It promotes Th2 response

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36
Q

What is the effect of interleukin-17 (IL-17)?

A

To promote inflammation and recruit neutrophils.

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37
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ cytokines are produced by T helper cells.

A

Effector

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38
Q

What is the effect of interleukin-23 (IL-23)?

A

To promote the maintenance and expansion of Th17 cells.

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39
Q

Which cytokine is crucial for the development of memory T cells?

A

Interleukin-7 (IL-7)

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40
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cytokine is associated with the activation of macrophages? A) IL-10 B) IFN-γ C) IL-4

A

B) IFN-γ

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41
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ of cytokines is essential for a balanced immune response.

A

regulation

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42
Q

What is the role of interleukin-21 (IL-21)?

A

To regulate B cell differentiation and enhance antibody production.

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43
Q

What is the primary source of interleukin-10 (IL-10)?

A

Regulatory T cells.

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44
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ cytokines are involved in the early stages of an immune response.

A

Pro-inflammatory

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45
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following cytokines is involved in the response to viral infections? A) IL-1 B) IL-12 C) IFN-α

A

C) IFN-α

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46
Q

What is the role of interleukin-15 (IL-15)?

A

To promote the survival and proliferation of memory T cells and NK cells.

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47
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ signaling is a critical mechanism by which cytokines exert their effects.

A

JAK-STAT (they start the cascade by binding to the receptor on the cell membrane)

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48
Q

True or False: Cytokines can have both short-term and long-term effects.

A

True

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49
Q

Which cytokine is known to promote angiogenesis?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

50
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ cytokines are involved in tissue repair and regeneration.

A

Anti-inflammatory

51
Q

What is the relationship between cytokines and autoimmune diseases?

A

Dysregulation of cytokines can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.

52
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cytokine is associated with the activation of the complement system? A) IL-1 B) IL-6 C) TNF-α

53
Q

What is the role of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in allergic responses?

A

To promote the differentiation of B cells into IgE-producing plasma cells.

54
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a cytokine that plays a role in the development of Th2 responses.

A

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

55
Q

True or False: Cytokines can interact with one another to modulate immune responses.

56
Q

Which cytokine is known to have a role in the suppression of immune responses?

A

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

57
Q

What is the primary action of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)?

A

To stimulate the production of granulocytes and macrophages from the bone marrow.

58
Q

Fill in the blank: Cytokines can influence the __________ of immune cells.

A

activation and differentiation

59
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following cytokines is a key mediator of cachexia? A) TNF-α B) IL-2 C) IFN-γ

60
Q

Name a cytokine that is involved in the regulation of T cell homeostasis.

A

Interleukin-7 (IL-7)

61
Q

Which cytokines are involved with erythropoiesis? (8)

A

SCF
GM-CSF
IL-1
IL-3
IL-6
IL-11
IGF-1
EPO

62
Q

Cytokines involved in hemopoiesis (5)

A

GM-CSF
SCF
TPO
IL-5
IL-7

63
Q

Cytokines produced by Th1

A

IL-2
IFN-GAMMA
TNF-BETA
GM-CSF
TNF-ALPHA

64
Q

Cytokines produced by Th2

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-9
IL-10
IL-13

65
Q

Cytokines produced by Th0

66
Q

Cytokines produced by Th17

A

IL-17A
IL-17F
IL-21
IL-22
GM-CSF
TNF-ALPHA

67
Q

What secretes IL-15?

A

Macrophages
DC
Fibroblast
Epithelial cells

68
Q

What is IL-15 involved in?

A

Pro-inflammatory
Promotes NK cell survival, proliferation and activation
Enhances CD8+ T cell memory formation
T-cell homeostasis - prevents excessive immune suppression

69
Q

Most important chemokine and its specificity

A

IL-8, has specificity for neutrophils

70
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1
IL-6
IL-12
IL-17
IFN-GAMMA
TNF-ALPHA

71
Q

Anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-10
TGF-BETA
IL-4

72
Q

What does GM-CSF stand for?

A

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor

73
Q

What does EPO stand for?

A

Erythropoietin

74
Q

What does TPO stand for?

A

Thrombopoietin

75
Q

What does IL-2 stimulate the differentiation into?

A

Treg (when with with TNF-BETA) and CTL

76
Q

Different name for IL-2 receptor

77
Q

What is IL-2 receptor a marker for?

A

T cell activation

78
Q

What does IL-4 stimulate the differentiation into?

A

Th2 and M2

79
Q

How does IL-4 suppress the inflammatory response?

A

By inhibiting Th1 and down regulating pro-inflammation cytokines

80
Q

Which is the most important cytokine in eosinophil development, differentiation and activation?

81
Q

What amplifies Th2 response?

A

IL-5
IL-4
IL-13

82
Q

Major contributor to cytokine storm

83
Q

What produces IL-6

84
Q

What does IL-6 stimulate the differentiation into?

A

Th17 when with TNF-BETA

85
Q

How does IL-10 work as an anti-inflammatory?

A

Down regulates Th1
Inhibits macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines

86
Q

Which other cytokine is IL-13 structurally related to?

87
Q

What does IL-13 stimulate the differentiation into?

A

M2 (when with IL-4)

88
Q

What is IL-17 important defense against?

A

Infections (fungal and bacteria)

89
Q

2 cytokines that often are disregulated in autoimmune diseases

90
Q

What is INF-ALPHA and INF-BETA triggered by?

A

Viral infections
Certain PAMPs

91
Q

What is IFN-ALPHA produced by?

A

Virally infected cells (DC, mast cells and macrophages)

92
Q

What is IFN-BETA produced by?

A

Mainly fibroblasts
epithelial cells
Macrophages

93
Q

Which cytokines activate JAK STAT?

A

IFN-ALPHA
IFN-BETA

94
Q

What is IFN-GAMMA produced by?

95
Q

What does IFN-GAMMA activate?

A

Macrophages
Th1

96
Q

Tumor supressor cytokine

97
Q

What does the effect of TNF depend on?

A

The concentration:
Low: longer inflammation
Moderate: systemic effect
High: septic shock

98
Q

What does TNF-ALPHA do?

A

Induce inflammation, fever and apoptosis
Stimulate production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

99
Q

Cytokines involved in liver regeneration

A

TNF-ALPHA
IL-6
IL-4

100
Q

Cytokines role in liver regneration

A

Priming the cell

101
Q

What is TNF-ALPHA produced by?

A

M1, Th1, Th17

102
Q

Which is the most important receptor for TNF-ALPHA?

103
Q

What is TNF-ALPHA important in the immunity against?

A

Extracellular bacteria

104
Q

Why is TNF-ALPHA important in fast inflammation?

A

Because it is rapidly secreted

105
Q

What is TNF-BETA also known as?

A

Lymphotoxin

106
Q

What is TNF-BETA important for?

A

Activation of endothelial cells and immune responses

107
Q

What is IL-7 produced by?

A

Stromal cell in bone marrow and thymus
Fibroblasts
Epithelial cells

108
Q

What is IL-3 produced by?

A

Th1 and Th2
Mast cells
Macrophages
DC

109
Q

What stimulate IL-3 production?

A

Pathogen infection
Allergic response
T cell activation

110
Q

Signaling pathways activated by IL-3

A

JAK-STAT
PI3K-AKT
RAS-MAPK

111
Q

Functions of IL-3

A

Stimulates eryhtropoiesis
Enhances survival and differentiation of progenitor cells
Plays a role in inflammation and immune response

112
Q

Alternative name for IL-3

113
Q

What is IL-8 secreted by?

A

Th17
Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils
and many more

114
Q

Which are the IFN type 1?

A

IFN-alpha
IFN- beta

115
Q

What are IFN type 1 important in?

A

Innate response against viruses

116
Q

Which MHC class does IFN type 1 up regulate?

117
Q

Which cells do IFN type 1 activate?

A

NK cells
DC

118
Q

Subunits of IL-2 receptor

A

Gamma
Beta
Alpha (gives high affinity to the receptor)

119
Q

Which cytokine is present in celiac disease?

A

INF-GAMMA
IL-15
TNF-ALPHA
IL-12
IL-21

120
Q

Which cytokine is impaired in celiac disease?

Pathology and Immunology (10 decks)

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