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Pathology and Immunology > Blood (G) > Flashcards

Blood (G) Flashcards

1
Q

What kin of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue in the liquid state/fluid tissue

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2
Q

Why is blood a tissue?

A

Because it is a collection of similar specialised cells that perform particular functions

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3
Q

How much of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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4
Q

How much of the blood is erythrocytes?

A

45%

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5
Q

Definition of Hematocrit

A

Red cells volume/total blood volume

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6
Q

What is the blood volume in men?

A

About 5 liters (7%)

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7
Q

What is plasma?

A

The acellular liquid part of the blood

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8
Q

What is serum?

A

The liquid part of the blood that remains after coagulation

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9
Q

What is the main function of sodium, potassium, calcium in the blood?

A

Osmotic balance

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10
Q

How many erythrocytes in the blood?

A

5-6 million/mm^3 or microliter

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11
Q

What is the concentration of potassium ions in the cell?

A

139mM (millimolar)

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12
Q

What is the concentration of potassium ions in the blood?

A

4mM

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13
Q

What is the concentration of sodium ions in the cell?

A

12mM

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14
Q

What is the concentration of sodium ions in the blood?

A

145mM

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15
Q

What is the concentration of calcium ions in the cell?

A

<0.0002mM

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16
Q

What is the concentration of calcium ions in the blood?

A

1.8

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17
Q

How many percent of plasma does proteins constitute?

A

6-8%

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18
Q

What is coagulation?

A

The conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

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19
Q

How many erythrocytes in blood?

A

5-6 millions/mm^3

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20
Q

What does plasma constitute of?

A

Water
Salts
Plasma proteins

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21
Q

Which salts are found in plasma?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chlorides
Bicarbonate

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22
Q

What is the main function of water in plasma?

A

Solvent for transport of the substances

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23
Q

What are the main functions of the salts in plasma?

A

Osmotic balance
Balancing of the pH
Regulation of membrane permeability

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24
Q

What are the main functions of the plasma proteins in plasma?

A

Osmotic Balance
Clotting
Defence (antibody)

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25
Q

What are the main functions of the erythrocytes in blood cells?

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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26
Q

What are the main functions of the leukocytes in blood cells?

A

Defence against infections
Antibody synthesis

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27
Q

What are the main functions of the platelets in blood cells?

A

Blood clotting

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28
Q

Which substances are transported by the blood?

A

Nutrients (like glucose and fatty acids and vitamins)
Waste products from metabolism
Respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Hormones

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29
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Measure of concentration in the plasma in moles solution/Kg solution

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30
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Measure of concentration in the plasma in moles solution/L solution

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31
Q

How does the hypothalamus respond to plasma osmolarity?

A

Production of ADH and sense of thirst

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32
Q

What is the serum osmolality?

A

275-295 mOsml/Kg

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33
Q

What is the physiological solution?

A

A solution of sodium chloride in purified water containing 0.9% W/V of NaCl (that is 9 g/L)

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34
Q

What is W/V?

A

Weight/volume

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35
Q

How much of plasma do proteins make up?

A

6-8% (6-8 g/100ml)

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36
Q

What is the difference in protein composition between serum and plasma?

A

Fibrinogen

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37
Q

Why does serum not coagulate?

A

Because it doesn’t have fibrinogen

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38
Q

What is coagulation?

A

The conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

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39
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Red cells volume/total body volume

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40
Q

Average life cycle for platelets

A

7-10 days

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41
Q

Average life cycle for red blood cells

A

120 days

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42
Q

Normal value for leukocytes in human blood

A

9000 cells/mm^3

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43
Q

Normal value for erythrocytes in human blood

A

Man: 5.410^6 cells/mm^3
Woman: 4.810^6 cells/mm^3

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44
Q

Normal value for platelets in human blood

A

300000 cells/mm^3

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45
Q

What do the 2 colouring mixtures in hematoxylin-eosin do?

A

One dye highlights the nucleus
Other dye highlights the cytoplasm

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46
Q

What is hematoxylin?

A

A basic dye

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47
Q

What does hematoxylin do?

A

Binds nucleic acids present at the core

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48
Q

Which color does hematoxylin dye?

A

Blueish

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49
Q

What is eosin?

A

Acid dye

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50
Q

What does eosin do?

A

Binds basic protein present massively in the cytoplasm

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51
Q

Which color does eosin dye?

A

pink/redish

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52
Q

What is May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining uses for?

A

Blood samples

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53
Q

What is the acid dye in May-Grunwald-Giemsa?

A

Eosin

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54
Q

What is the basic dye in May-Grunwald-Giemsa?

A

For May: methylene blue
For Giemsa: blue II

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55
Q

What is the activated functions off neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis
Activation of bactericidal mechanisms

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56
Q

What is the circulating half life of neutrophils?

A

6-8 hours

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57
Q

Why are neutrophils called such?

A

Do not incorporate histological dyes (neither acid nor basic)

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58
Q

What is the activated functions off eosinophils?

A

Killing of anitbody coated parasites (important in killing pathocytes)
Allergic reactions

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59
Q

What does the cytoplasm of eosinophils contain?

A

Granule that strongly bind eosin

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60
Q

What does the cytoplasm of basophils contain?

A

Basophilic granules which react to staining with hematoxylin/eosin

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61
Q

What is the activated functions off macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis
Activation of bactericidal mechanism
Antigen presentation (to kill lymphocytes)

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62
Q

What are lymphocytes divided into?

A

B cells 15%
T cells 75%
NK cells 10%

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63
Q

What kind of cells are CD4+?

A

T helper cells

64
Q

What kind of cells are CD8+?

65
Q

Ratio of CD4+:CD8+

66
Q

What is the activated functions off natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Releases lytic granules that kill some virus infected cells

67
Q

What is Natural Killer cells important in?

A

Immunity, kills cancer

68
Q

What is the activated functions off dendritic cells?

A

Antigen uptake in peripheral sites
Antigen presenting

69
Q

Which of the 2 types of dendritic cells do you need to remember?

A

Follicular

70
Q

Where are follicular dendritic cells present?

A

Germal cells

71
Q

How many % of leukocytes are neutrophils?

72
Q

How many % of leukocytes are lymphocytes?

73
Q

How many % of leukocytes are monocytes?

74
Q

How many % of leukocytes are eosinophils?

75
Q

How many % of leukocytes are basophil?

76
Q

What do bacterial infections induce?

A

Neutrophilia

77
Q

What do viral infections induce?

A

Lymphocytosis

78
Q

Example of viral infections

A

Mononucleosis
Mumps
Measels

79
Q

What do astma and parasitic infections induce?

A

Eosinophilia

80
Q

What is the total haemoglobin content (g/100ml)?

81
Q

What is hematocrit (HCT)?

A

Volume percentage of red blood cells in blood

82
Q

What are the 3 corpuscular erythrocyte indicies?

A

Average corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Corpuscular haemoglobin average (MCH)
Red cell distribution width (RDW)

83
Q

What is the mean corpuscular volume?

A

Average size of red blood cells

84
Q

What is the mean corpuscular haemoglobin ?

A

Average amount of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell

85
Q

What is the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration?

A

Measure haemoglobin in red blood cells and includes calculation of the size and volume of the red blood cells

86
Q

What is the red cell distribution width?

A

Measures differences in the volume and size of red blood cells

87
Q

What is the average life cycle of neutrophils?

88
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place during first 2 months of intrauterine life?

89
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place during the 6-7th month of intracellular life?

A

Liver and spleen

90
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place at birth?

A

Bone marrow

91
Q

When does hematopoiesis take place at the level of bone marrow?

A

4th month of intrauterine life

92
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place during adulthood?

A

Bone marrow at the level of ribs. sternum, vertebrae, skull and pelvic bones (flat bones) and level of the epiphyseal proximal regions of the humerus and femur

93
Q

What is the total medullary space in the adult?

A

About 4 liters

94
Q

How much of the total medullary space in the adult is active?

A

About half

95
Q

What is the total medullary space in the child?

A

1.6 liters

96
Q

How much of the total medullary space in the child is active?

97
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

Ratio between red blood cells and total blood volume

98
Q

When do monocytes become macrophages?

A

When it migrates to tissue

99
Q

Different names for spongy bone

A

Cancellous bone
Trabecular bone

100
Q

What does it mean that spongy bone is a very porous type of bone?

A

It has many holes

101
Q

What is the vascularisation of spongy bone like?

A

It is highly vascularised

102
Q

What does the spaces of spongy bone contain?

A

Network of sinusoidal blood vessels covered in endothelial cells attached to discontinuous basal membrane

103
Q

Where do blood precursors migrate when mature?

A

Through the basal membrane of the sinusoids and between the endothelial cells to enter the blood stream

104
Q

What does hemopoiesis start from?

A

Pluripotent stem cell which generates all the electrical,ts present in blood

105
Q

How many linages form from the hematopoetic stem cells?

A

2 (myeloid and lymphoid)

106
Q

What arises from myeloid stem cells?

A

Megakaryoblast
Proerythroblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast

107
Q

What arises from lymphoid stem cells?

A

Lymphoblast

108
Q

What do pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells give rise to? (5)

A

Myotube
Fat cell
Osteoblasts
Chondroblasts
Endothelial cells

109
Q

What are the 3 kinds of hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Long term selfrenewing HSC
Short term selfrenewing HSC
Multipotent progenitor cells

110
Q

Different name for myeloid stem cells

A

Common myeloid progenitor (CMPS)

111
Q

Different name for lymphoid stem cells

A

Common lymphoid progenitor (CLPS)

112
Q

What is the precursor of all myeloid cells?

A

Myeloid stem cells

113
Q

What is the precursor of all lymphoid cells?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

114
Q

What does stem cell niche do?

A

Regulates maintenance and survival of stem cells

115
Q

What is the niche produced by?

A

The microenvironment surrounding them cells

116
Q

What kind of molecules is the niche made of?

A

Surface and soluble molecules

117
Q

What does the niche control?

A

Rate of proliferation
Fat elf daughter stem cells
Protection of stem cells from death

118
Q

What is the niche?

A

Spatial structure where stem cells are in contact with nice cells/nourishing cells

119
Q

Where are niches located?

A

Near bone trabecular
In the medullary space

120
Q

Which lineage of stem cells does dendritic cells originate from?

121
Q

What is hematopoiesis regulated by?

A

Hematopoietic cytokines

122
Q

Does macrophages have different names based on tissue?

123
Q

When is a cytokine considered an hematopoietic cytokine?

A

When its:
considered as a survival factor
able to induce proliferation
able to induce differentiation

124
Q

What happens at the absence of hematopoietic cytokines?

A

Death of precursors of blood cells

125
Q

What does CFU mean?

A

Colony forming unit

126
Q

What does CSF mean?

A

Colony stimulating factor

127
Q

What do platelets originate from?

A

Megakaryocytes

128
Q

What is formed after BFU-E in erythropoiesis?

129
Q

What is formed after CFU-E in erythropoiesis?

A

Pronormoblast

130
Q

How many erythrocytes are formed from 1 CFU?

131
Q

Most important cytokine of erythropoiesis

A

EPO (erythropoietin)

132
Q

What does EPO stimulate?

A

CFU-E cell (has receptor for EPO w/high affinity

133
Q

What does the concentration of EPO need to be to stimulate BFU-E and why?

A

10 times higher than normal as the receptors have less affinity for EPO

134
Q

What is the stimulant for EPO secretion?

135
Q

What happens after the expression of EPO is induced in kidneys?

A

EPO is transported to the bone marrow where it induces the production of red blood cells

136
Q

What is the most important general hormone factor for erythropoiesis?

137
Q

What is EPO secreted by?

A

Peritubular capillaries of kidneys (small quantity is secreted from liver and brain)

138
Q

What does EPO control?

A

Survival
Proliferation
Differentiation of erythroid progenitors

139
Q

Stalin how long at high altitudes allows the mass of erythrocytes to increase?

A

At least 1 week

140
Q

What do erythrocytes stimulate when there are enough to lessen production of EPO?

141
Q

What is HIF-1?

A

A transcriptional factor

142
Q

What does HIF-1 bind to?

A

Hypoxia response element (HRE) present in the promoter or enhancer of various hypoxiainducing genes

143
Q

Example fo hypoxiainducing genes

A

EPO
VEGF
Glucose transporters
Glycolytic enzymes
P53

144
Q

What kind of dimer is HIF-1

A

Heterodimer

145
Q

Subunits of HIF-1

A

HIF-1 alpha
HIF-1 beta

146
Q

What is HIF-1 activated by?

147
Q

What does HIF-1 respond to?

A

Changes in partial oxygen pressure

148
Q

What is the average life of HIF-1?

149
Q

What is normoxia?

A

The normal levels of oxygen

150
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low levels of oxygen (oxygen deficiency)

151
Q

4 types of stem cells

A

Heterologous embryonic stem cells
Autologous stem cells
Stem cells from umbilical cord
Adult stem cells

152
Q

Where does heterologous embryonic stem cells come from?

A

Inner region of embryo before it is implanted in the wall of the uterus

153
Q

What kind of cells can Heterologous embryonic stem cells give rise to?

A

All kinds of cells

154
Q

Can Heterologous embryonic stem cells be cultured in the lab?

A

Yes, if they are isolated from embryo at the early stages of development and cultured in the lab

155
Q

Which kind of stem cells give rise to blood cells?

A

Stem cells from umbilical cord

156
Q

What can replace bone marrow in transplantations where there are no donor matches?

A

Umbilical cord blood

Pathology and Immunology (10 decks)

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