2Aggregates Flashcards
Infants age
Children age
Infant: under 1
Children: 1-9yr old
MIC and what it encompasses
Maternal, infant and children health
Women of childbearing age from:
-Pre-pregnancy, L&D, and postpartum period
And
The health of children:
-Prior to birth thru adolescence
Issues within declining MIC mortality
Significant racial disparities
Families are what to infants and children
As it does what
Primary unit as it nurtured and supported regarding healthy development
Definition of family
There are various
As it changes over time
Depends on social/cultural norms, values
Single family/grandparent nursing child
Unmarried women are more likely than married women, non-cohabitating women to
Experience negative birth outcomes
Initiate prenatal care early in pregnancy
Married women are less likely than unmarried, non-cohabitating women to
Rely on government assistance to pay for prenatal care
Tennage pregnancies more likely to
Less likely to
More likely to result in serious health consequences for mother and baby
Less likely to receive early prenatal care
Teen mothers more likely to what 4 things
Smoke during pregnancy
Have preterm birth
Low-birth wt babies
Pregnancy complications
Teens who become pregnant and have a child are more likely to (4)
Drop out of school
Not get married or have a marriage end in divorce
Rely on public assistance
Live in poverty
Family planning do what
How many children they want to have and the spacing
Also choosing appropriate means to accomplish it
Gov and non gov organizations
Unintended pregnancy
Mistimed or unwanted
1/2 preg in us are uninteded
Unintended pregnancy associated with/ negative health behaviors 3
Delayed prenatal care
Inadequate wt gain
Smoking/alcohol/drug use
Title X
Who it funds
Aims to what
Federal program that provides funds for family planning services for low-income people
Aims to:
Reduce unintended pregnancy by providing contraceptive and reproductive healthcare services to low-ncome women
Title X
Gag rule
A rule that can put a limitation or restriction on something
Ex: trump: cant offer abortions to clients
Evaluating the success of community health family planning programs
Reductions in unintended pregnancies, abortions, births
Prevented 1.9 million unplanned pregnancies
Risks of maternal mortality or morbidity
Poverty
Limited education
Preconception care
Med care to women of reproductive age to promote health PRIOR to conception
Prenatal health care
Med care from time of conception until birth process
(Know primary preventions)
Early preconception and prenatal care leads to
Less low-birth wt infants
Better preg outcomes
Infant health depends on many factors: (7)
- mothers health and her health behavior prior to and during pregnancy
-genetic charatcteristics
-mothers level of prenatal care
-quality of delivery (traumatic/laceration, c-section)
-infants environment after birth (home/family, medical services, sleeping environment, air quality)
-nutrition
-immunization
Measures of a nations health (decline in infant mortality due to?
Improved disease surveillance
Advanced clinical care
Improves access to care
Nutrition
Education
Leading cause of infant death:
Congenital abnormalities
Preterm/low birth wt
SIDS
Improving infant health (6)
5preventing
1we want
Premature births
Low birth wt
Cigarette smoking
Alcohol and other drugs
Breastfeeding
SIDS
Child health
Medical home
Primary care:
-wellness check
-for continuity of care
Childhood mortality:
Leading cause (specifically)
Also want to look out for what two things
Unintentional injuries
Specifically (motor vehicle deaths, those not wearing seat belts/restraints)
2 things:
Child maltreatment and infectious disease
(Know primary prevention teaching)
Issues with community programs for women/infants/children
Many are categorical programs:
Only available to people who fit into a specific groups
Issue bc may need services but do not quality
Title V
Only federal legislation dedicated to promoting and improving health of mothers and children
Maternal and children health bureau (MCHB)
Administer whose funding
Accomplish which 4 core public health services
Fund title V
Accomplish goals thru:
-infrastructure building
-population based
-enabling
-direct healthcare services
Women, infant, and children (WIC) program
Clinical-based program designed to provide nutritional/health related goods and services to:
-pregnant, postpartum, breastfeeding women
-infants up to 1 year
-children under 5
Medicaid vs CHIP
Medicaid:
Low-income individuals and families
-children are slightly more than half of all medicaid beneficiaries
CHIP:
-targets uninsured children whose families dont qualify for medicaid
FMLA: family and medical leave act
Grants what
Only affects who
What is child care and development block grant
Grants 12 weeks unpaid job protected leave to men or women after birth of child, adoption, or illness in immediate family
-affects only buisnesses with 50+ employees
Child care and development block grant:
-federal $ for childcare assistance
Adolescents vs adults
Adolescents: 10-24
-Puberty-maturity
Adults: 25-64
-years between 10-64 most productive years of peoples lives, best health
Adolescents and young adults (4)
Future of nation
Different stage, period of transition from childhood to adulthood
Complete physical growth, experience significant life changes
Many health beliefs adopted
Adolescents and young adults make up what of the population
What status do we need to be aware of
1/5 of us pop
Employment status has impacted health care access to insurance/care
Mortality
Decline due to what
Male mortality is what
Racial disparities r/t race
Decline in death rates d/t advances in medicine and injury and disease prevention
Male mortality higher than females
Morbiditiy
Adolescents and young adults acquires what
They acquire nearly half of all new STDs in the U.S.
Measles immunizations important
Health behaviors
High school students/college students
Simularities vs differences
Similar:
-unintentional injuries
-violence
-tobacco use
-alcohol and other drugs
-sexual behaviors- unintended preg and STDs
Differences:
High school:
-physical activity and sedentary behaviors
-overweight and weight control
Protective factors
Individual or environmental characteristics, conditions, or behaviors that:
-reduce the effects of stressful life events
-increase the ability to avoid risks or hazards
-promote social and emotional competence
Ex: school connectedness, community service
Main factors impacting community health in age groups are:
Social/cultural factors
Community organizing
Alcohol use a main problem
Adults age:
Represent how much of population
Motality:
-mainly
-associated with
25-64
Represent half of US
Motalitiy:
Mainly from chronic diseases
Associated with unhealthy behaviors and poor life style choices
Cancer:
#1 death for adults age what and what
Males type
Female type
In 45-54 and 55-64
Males:
Prostate
Females:
Breast
Both:
-lungs and colorectal
Cardiovascular diseases
Age adjusted mortality rates have what
D/t what
Dropped over past 60yrs
D/t public health efforts related to:
-smoking cessation
-increased physical activity
-nutrition
ADULTS
Risk factors for chrinic diseases
Awareness and screenings
RF:
-Smoking
-Lack of exercise
-BMI
-Alcohol
A/S:
-HTN
-Diabetes
-Cholesterol
Community health strategies
Role of individual behavior, social factors, environmental factors, and previous influences on their health across lifespan
Older adult population has what
Increased in the 20th and 21st century
Ageism
Prejudice and discrimination against older adults
Reality of old adults
Active and well
Still working
Strongly engaged in community, volunteer, advocacy programs
Demography of aging
Older population is growing
So is the median age
Factors affecting population size and age
Fertility rates:
-baby boomers
Mortality rates:
-life expectancy continues to increase
Martial status
Older women are 3 times more likely to what
(Why)
Number of divorces are what
New concerns
3 times more likely to be widowed bc men die first
Divorced number is increasing
New concerns:
-lack of retirement benefits
-insurance
-lower net worth assets
Living arrangements in older adults
Women are more likely to what
Closely linked to:
income, health status, availability of care givers
Women are more likely to live alone
Older adult housing
Adequate, affordable housing
Older homes, lower value, need of repair
Racial and ethnic composition with older adults
U.S. older population growing more diverse
Percent of white older adults are decline
Older americans of hispanic orgin will become largest minority in US
Sources of income for old adults
Mainly social security
-income from assets
-private pension
-govt employee pension
-earnings
Education of older adults
Baby boomers most educated cohort in US history
More people are graduating high school too
Morbidity
Top causes of death in older adults
heart disease
Cancer
CLRD (chronic lower resp disease)
Stroke
Alzheimer’s disease
Have more favorable health behaviors than younger counterparts
What does this mean
Know what their capable of
Less likely to consume large amounts of:
Alcohol
Smoke cigs
Be overweight
Areas of improvement for older population health behaviors and lifestyle choices
Physical activity
Immunizations
Physical activity in older adults
Least active of all ages
Loss of fitness due to aging
Physical activity recommendations for older adults are the same as other adults
Nutrition for older adults
Reduce:
-sodium
-caloric need
Increase:
-vegatable and water consumption
Older adult vaccinations
Immune system are weakened with age
Racial disparities exist
Mistreatment of older adults
Reporting
Special problem for older adults with what (4)
Reports have increased
All states have a reporting system
Special problem for:
-dementia and cognitive impairment
-hx of domestic violence
-frality
-social isolation
6 instrumental needs of older adults
Income
Housing
Personal care
Caregivers
Health care
Transportation
Instrumental needs: older adults
Income (unmarried women highest rates of what)
And
Housing
Income:
-reduces income need
-social security major source
-unmarried women and minorities have highest poverty rate
Housing:
-major needs
—appropriateness, accesible, afforability
Instrumental needs: older adults
Personal care
And
Caregivers
Personal:
ADLs
Caregivers:
-caregivers for older adults face problems:
—increased finacial burden
—lack of privacy
—demands on time and energy
Instrumental care: older adults
Health care
Older adults use health care the most
Medicare primary source of payment for healthcare of older adults
Older american act of 1965 (OAA)
Increase services:
-meal service
-homemaker service
-chore and home maintenance
-visitor service (visits home)
-adult day care (cont be left alone)
-respite care (give caregiver a break)
-home health care (nurse visits home)
-senior centers
Protect rights of older adults
