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AN415 > 1Epidemiology > Flashcards

1Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of distribution (who has the disease, where/when) and determinants (the factors, exposures, characteristics, behaviors that determine the patterns) of health disease in human populations

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2
Q

Historic focus vs current focus of epidemiology

A

Historic:
-acute illnesses
-epidemics

Current:
-chronic diseases
-pandemic

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

UNEXPECTEDLY large number of cases in a particular population

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4
Q

Endemic

A

Disease that occurs REGULARLY in a population as a matter of course

(Louisville: flu, covid, RSV, alzehimers, heart disease)

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5
Q

Pandemic

A

Out break over WIDE GEOGRAPHIC area

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6
Q

Why we study epidemiology

A

Make meaningful comparison of disease frequency between:

-diseases (cause of death)
-population subgroups (men/women)
-places (urban/rural)
-time period (before/after intervention)

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7
Q

Types of epidemiology

A

Descriptive

Analytical

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8
Q

5 factors of epidemiology

A

Describe the occurance of a disease
Distribution
Frequency
Population
Determinants

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9
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

Person:
-physical, sociodemographic, behavior

Place:
-geographic patterns, spatial patterns(john snow)

Time:
-frequency, general patterns

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10
Q

Analytic epidemiology

A

Examines relationship among determinants of diseases

With the triangle: HOST—AGENT—ENVIRONMET

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11
Q

Analytical epidemiology

What affects the host

A

Age and gender
Genetic susceptibility
Immunological status
Lifestyle factors (diet, exercise)

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12
Q

Analytical epidemiology (agent)

A

Factors that cause a health problem

Infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites)

Chemical agent (pesticides, toxic chemicals)

Physical agents (radiation)

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13
Q

Analytical epidemiology (environmental factors)

A

Climate: temp, rainfall

Working condition

Socioeconomic status (also affect host)

Human population distribution (crowdes, urban heat island(take all trees cause it to be hot)

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14
Q

Communicable vs non-communicable

A

Communicable (infectious):
Flu, malaria, covid

non-communicable (non infectious):
HTN, HD, COPD

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15
Q

Chain of infection

A

Step by step model of source to host

Agent (Cold)—
reservoir (throat)—
portal of exit (mouth/nose)—
Transmission (saliva droplets)—
Portal of entry. (Mouth)—
New infection

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16
Q

Direct transmission

A

Transmitted through touching, kissing, sexual intercourse:

STIs
Mono
Impetigo
Lice
Scabies

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17
Q

Indirect transmission

Types

A

Has intermediate step. Not direct

Airborne

Vehicle borne (inanimate object)

Vector borne (animal or insect)

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18
Q

Airborne infections

A

Measles
Chickenpox
TB
Influenza

19
Q

Vector-borne

A

West nile virus
Lyme disease
Malaria

20
Q

Foodborne infections

A

Norovirus

Salmonellosis

Hep A

E. Coli
Clostridium botulinum

21
Q

Universal precautions

A

Assuming everyone is sick

(Precautions we take with everyone)

22
Q

Surveillance

A

Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data related to occurence of disease and health status in a given populatiom

23
Q

Surveillance

Active vs passive

Report cases to who

A

Active: purposefully seeking out new cases of disease

Passive: commonly used by local/state health dept.

Has to be repoted otherwise CDC via NETS

24
Q

Data we use in epidemiology

A

Vital records (birth-death certificates)

Surveillance

Insurance records

Original data (john snow going door to door)

25
Q

Mortality vs morbidity

A

Mortality: death

Morbidity: rate of disease

26
Q

Risk

A

Probability that an event will occur within a specified time period

Usually a %

27
Q

Rate

A

How often a health event in a defined population in a specified period of time

28
Q

Attack rate

A

Proportion of persons who are exposed to an agent and develop the disease

Is a %

29
Q

Incidence rate

Prevalence rate

A

I:
Occurance of NEW cases of a disease over time

P:
Covers total cases

30
Q

Numerator vs denominator for calculating incidence rate

A

Numerator is new cases

Denominator is total population

31
Q

Mortality statistics is what

A

Most reliable measure of population health status

32
Q

Crude mortality rate

Vs
Age-adjusted rates

A

Crude:
Number of deaths/ population TOTAL

Age:
Makes comparisons of relative risk across groups and over time when groups differ in age

33
Q

Again numerator vs denominator for RATE

A

N: # of occurances
—————————
D: total population

34
Q

Prevalence rate calulation

Does it test for acute or chronic things?

A

of existing cases in population at a specific time

————————————————————————
Total population

Test chronic thing while incidence rates test acute things

35
Q

Prevalence measures new and existing cases at a given time

True or false?

A

True

36
Q

Experimental study

A

Treatment and exposure occur in a controlled setting

Randomized Control Trail:
One group gets it other doesnt

37
Q

Cross sectional study

A

Examines or surveys exposures and outcomes at one point in time

38
Q

Prospective

A

Looks forward in time

Examines future events

Follows a disease or condition or group of people over time

39
Q

Retrospective

A

Looks back in time

Examines events that have already occurred

40
Q

Elimination vs eradication of disease

A

Elim:
Stopping a disease in a defined geographical region

Eradication:
Total elimination from the world population

41
Q

Levels of prevention

A

Primary, secondary and tertiary

42
Q

Primary vs secondary vs tertiary

A

Primary : PREVENT (they dont have anything yet)
-exercise, diet, vaccinations, education

Secondary: SCREEN (do or dont have it yet)
-PAP smear, mamogram, BP

Tertiary: TREATMENT (do have it)
-ABX, rehabilitation, education on how to use inhaler

43
Q

Immunity (Natural vs artificial)

A

Natural acquired:

Active: exposure to antigen ( previously infected causes resistance to getting it again)
Passive: contains antibodies (antibodies through placenta)

Artificial acquired:

Active: vaccine of live or tamed virus/portion of virus
Passive: antibody injection

AN415 (10 decks)

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