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RBF > 29: Renal Failure > Flashcards

29: Renal Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five key roles of the kidney?

A
  1. Eliminate waste products
  2. Regulate fluid balance
  3. Regulate acid-base balance
  4. Produce hormones
  5. Regulate electrolytes
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2
Q

What is normal GFR?

A

120ml/min

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3
Q

What are the two markers of acute kidney injury? How many stages are there?

A
  • Serum creatinine & Urine output

- Three stages

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4
Q

What are the risk factors for AKI

A
  • Concurrent illness
  • CKD
  • Age > 75 years
  • Diabetes
  • CHF
  • Liver failure
  • Nephrotoxic medicines
  • Acute illness
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5
Q

What are some nephrotoxic medicines?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Gentamicin
  • ACE-is
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6
Q

What is the general approach to AKI?

A
  • Identify high risk patients
  • Assess and optimise volume status
  • Stop nephrotoxic agents
  • Review medications
  • Monitor creatinine and urine output
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7
Q

Chronic kidney disease is an abnormality of kidney structure or function, present for >___ months that has implications for health

A

3

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8
Q

What is the gold standard for measuring GFR?

A

Insulin clearance

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9
Q

What factors does eGFR include?

A
  • Age
  • Weight
  • Gender
  • Serum creatinine
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10
Q

High creatinine can be reflective of high ___ and ____

A

Body size and muscle mass

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11
Q

Why might GFR be overestimated in patients in end stage renal disease?

A
  • Increase in renal excretion

- Decrease in muscle mass

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12
Q

What are the two variables that are important for prognosis of CKD?

A
  • GFR

- Albuminuria

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13
Q

What are the four main causes of CKD?

A
  • Diabetic nephropathy
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
  • Polycystic kidney disease
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14
Q

What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis

A

IgA nephropathy

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15
Q

What is target blood pressure for CKD?

A
  • 140/80mmHg

- 110/80 mmHg in non diabetic patients

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16
Q

Why are ACEis and ARBs more effective in lowering blood pressure in CKD?

A

Patients often have activation of RAAS

17
Q

When do CKD patients develop hyperphosphataemia? What are the sequelae?

A
  • Stage III
  • Secondary hyperoparathyroidism
  • Fall in serum creatinine stage IV-V
18
Q

How do you manage hyperphosophataemia?

A
  • Dietary (phosphate restrict)

- Medical (phosphate binders)

19
Q

Which hormones are produced by the kidney?

A

EPO
1,25OH vitamin D
BMP
Renin, angiotensin, bradykinin

20
Q

CKD produces a metabolic ____ due to lack of excretion of ____

A

Metabolic acidosis

Lack of excretion of non-organic acids

21
Q

What is uraemia?

A

Presence of urea in the blood

22
Q

What are the treatment options for end stage kidney disease?

A
  • Conservative
  • Dialysis
  • Renal transplant

RBF (36 decks)

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