Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BACTERIOLOGY - 2 > 29 – Coxiella, Borrelia and Bartonella > Flashcards

29 – Coxiella, Borrelia and Bartonella Flashcards

1
Q

Coxiella microbiological characteristics

A
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
  • Doesn’t stain using Gram-stain
  • Worldwide distribution EXCEPT New Zealand
  • Not culturable using standard techniques
  • Biocontainment level 3
  • *requires specialized conditions in vitro (inoculation of embryonated eggs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Borrelia microbiological characteristics

A
  • Large spirochetes
  • Small linear chromosome
  • Biocontainment level 2
  • On both continents (Europe and USA) for over 100 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bartonella microbiological characteristics

A
  • Small Gram-negative coccobacilli
  • Biocontainment level 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Coxiella natural host or habitat

A
  • Obligate parasite: host associated
  • Infects wide variety of species
  • Shed in milk, urine, feces, amniotic fluids at parturition
  • Can survive in environment up to 150 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Borrelia natural host or habitat

A
  • Obligate parasites: host associated
  • Associated with reservoir hosts and arthropod vectors
    o Highly adapted to their specific arthropod vector
  • Transmission via tick bites=most likely by nymphs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bartonella natural host or habitat

A
  • Facultative intracellular parasite
    o Erythrocyte and endothelial cell pathogens
  • Have principle animal reservoir
  • Spread through vectors
  • *Generally mild disease in reservoir host, pathology when incidental host infected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Coxiella burnetiid virulence factors

A
  • Little known
  • LPS: phase variation (antigenic variation that masques it from the immune system)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi virulence factors

A
  • Outer surface proteins: attachment in tick host, allows organism to persist in gut between meals
  • Surface lipoproteins: stimulate inflammation
  • Porin-like proteins: adhesion
  • Flagella; motility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bartonella spp. virulence factors

A
  • Type 4 secretion systems
  • Bartonella effector proteins (BEPS): secreted into host cells and modulate physiology in favour of bacteria
    o Induction of phagocytosis by host cells
    o Prevention of apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Coxiella burnetii is a generalist parasite of eukaryotic cells and is found in

A
  • Arthropods
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Coxiella burnetii the agent of?

A
  • Q fever
    o Short ‘query’ fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When Coxiella burnetii is present, there are high concentrations in placenta and fetal tissues

A
  • Animals frequently eat these after birth
  • Passes through GIT
  • Excreted in feces
  • Can be aerosolized as dust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aerosol transmission of Coxiella burnetii is very important

A
  • Very low infectious dose
    1. Enters lungs
    1. Replicates in pulmonary macrophages
    1. Disseminates throughout the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Interesting life cycle of Coxiella burnetti (?)

A
  1. Small cell variant ‘eaten’ by macrophage
  2. Vacuoles acidifies, stimulating development of large cell variants
  3. By 2 days parasitophorous vacuole contains lots of replicated large CV
  4. By day 6, small CV reappear
  5. By 12 days, host cell lyses and small CV released
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Coxiella burnetii in domestic animals are mild or non-apparent: clinical sings relate to sites of localization (ruminants)

A
  • Reproductive and mammary tract: abortions and shedding in milk
    o Sporadic abortions: sheep, goats, cattle, cats
    o Placentitis
    o fetal pathology: many
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fetal pathology with Coxiella burnetii (ruminants)

A
  • hepatitis
  • myocarditis
  • interstitial pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you control Coxiella burnetii? (ruminants)

A
  • Segregation of parturient ruminants
  • Careful disposal of tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vaccination for Coxiella burnetii (ruminants)

A
  • Inactivated vaccines available
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Coxiella burnetii in dogs and cats

A
  • Most common sublclinical
  • Affected dogs=SPLENOMEGALY most common
  • Cats=abortions
    o Has been associated with human outbreaks
    o See fever, lethargy, anorexia 2 days following experimental infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does Coxiella burnetii in humans cause?

A
  • Q-fever
  • Incubation period: 3 weeks
  • 50% infected=asymptomatic
  • Acute febrile illness (flu like)
  • Case fatality <2% of hospitalized patients
  • *NOT notifiable in Canada
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some serious complications that can occur with Coxiella burnetii in humans?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Granulomatous hepatitis
  • Myocarditis
  • Abortion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

There was large, multiyear outbreaks of Coxiella burnetii in humans in the Netherlands

A
  • 2005: dairy goats
  • 2007: human infections spiking
    o Living downwind with important
  • Clusters of infections associated with psychiatric patients who had contact with lambs as part of therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How was Coxiella burnetii in humans in the Netherlands brought under control?

A
  • Vaccination
  • Manure management
    o Removal
    o Pasteurization
    o NOT spreading on fields
  • Bulk tank milk surveillance
  • Massive culling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Coxiella burnetii in humans is often acquired as occupational disease

A
  • Farmers
  • Abattoir workers
  • Vets
  • Lab workers
  • *FOODBORNE: unpasteurized products
  • *rarely associated with cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do you treat Coxiella burnetii in humans?

A
  • Doxycycline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do you prevent Coxiella burnetii in humans?

A
  • Vaccine for high risk workers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who are the only competent vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme Disease?

A
  • TICKS: North America
    o I. scapularis
    o I. pacificus
  • *ticks infected by biting reservoir host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease: ‘timeline’

A
  • Not instantaneous
    o Can take up to 24hrs for transmission to occur
  • Co-infection with other vector borne diseases is common
29
Q

Where Is LYME mostly in North America?

A
  • In the east
  • Technically broad rang
  • I. pacificus likes to feed on lizards=Borrelia don’t amplify as efficiently
30
Q

What is the most common sign of Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs?

A
  • NOTHING
    o Not usually cause of disease
31
Q

What may be seen in affected dogs with Borrelia burgdorferi?

A
  • Intermittent recurrent lameness: polyarthritis is best documented
  • Fever
  • Anorexia
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Swollen joints
  • *fatal renal failure: immune complex deposition in kidney
32
Q

Clinical disease of Borrelia burgdorferi does NOT often manifest in cats

A
  • Seroconversion occurs, but cats seem somewhat RESISTANT
  • If infected=similar signs as dogs
33
Q

What is the treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs and cats?

A
  • Early treatment is important
  • Doxycycline, amoxicillin, azithromycin recommended
34
Q

How do you control Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs and cats?

A
  • Acaricides
  • Removing ticks promptly
  • Vaccination
    o Variety of product available
35
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease in humans

A
  • Does cause serious illness
  • Symptoms 3-30 days post infection
  • Chronic signs occurring days to months later
36
Q

Symptoms of Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease in humans 3-30 days post infection

A
  • Fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes
  • Characteristic erythema migrans rash (TARGET)
37
Q

Chronic signs of Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease in huamns

A
  • Severe headache
  • Arthritis
  • Facial palsy
  • Pain
  • Heart palpitations
  • Dizziness
  • Inflammation of brain
  • Nerve pain
38
Q

Canada distribution: Lyme disease

A
  • Parts of BC, MB, S. ON, QB, Nova Scotia
  • *locally acquired disease not reported in SK or AB
  • Over time: appears to be increase
  • **highest frequency in ON (related to size of population
  • **highest incidence in Nova Scotia
39
Q

Clinical significance of B. afzelli

A
  • Cause of Lyme in Europe
40
Q

Clinical significance of B. mayoni

A
  • Novel one causing Lyme disease
41
Q

Clinical significance of B. lonstari

A
  • Vectored by Amblyoma americanum
  • Associated with southern tick rash illness in people, birds and deer
42
Q

Clinical significance of B. theileri

A
  • Vectored by Rhipicephalus spp.
  • Cause of bovine borreliosis (+sheep and goats)
43
Q

Bartonella henselase in cats

A
  • Clinical signs rare
  • 30-40% of clinically healthy shelter cats are carriers
  • Lack of evidence for clearance of Bartonella from treated cats
44
Q

Bartonella henselase in EXPERIMENTALLY infected cats, signs:

A
  • Transient fever
  • Papules/abscesses at site of inoculation
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Myalgia
45
Q

Bartonella spp. in dogs

A
  • Many implicated
  • Endocarditis: B. vinsonii + more
  • Hepatitis: B. henselae
  • *flea and tick prevention is important
  • If clinical signs: treat with LONG DURATION ANTIMICROBIALS
    o Enrofloxacin
    o Doxycycline
    o Amoxicillin
    o Rifampin
46
Q

Bartonella henselae, cat scratch disease (CSD) in humans

A
  • Important zoonoses: people infected following cat scratches
  • Symptoms develop 1-3 weeks post exposure
  • Can see bacillary angiomatosis
    o Angiogenesis and lesions on skin
47
Q

What are the symptoms 1-3 weeks post exposure of Bartonella henselae, cat scratch disease (CSD) in humans

A
  • Fever
  • Papule or pustule at site of scratch
  • Enlarged, painful lymph nodes
48
Q

What does Bartonella quintana cause in humans?

A
  • Trench fever: name from soldiers in WWI
    o Bacteremia
    o Localized tissue infections
    o Endocarditis
49
Q

Where is Bartonella quintana in humans reemerging?

A
  • People affected by extreme poverty in developing countries AND homeless (developed countries)
50
Q

Bartonella quintana in humans

A
  • Vectored by human body louse
  • Humans only confirmed reservoir
  • Also reported in cats
51
Q

What does Bartonella baciliformis cause in humans?

A
  • Carrion’s disease
    o Hemolytic anemia
    o Localized tissue infection
    o Angiomatosis
  • *biphastic disease
52
Q

Carrion’s disease from Bartonella baciliformis in humans is a biphasic disease

A
  • First phase: erythrocyte infection, anemia and transient immunosuppression
  • Second phase: nodular dermal eruptions occur as a result of vascular proliferation
53
Q

What is Bartonella baciliformis transmitted by?

A
  • Sandflies in Andes Mountains (W. South America)
54
Q

Coxiella: sample collection and handling

A
  • Blood
  • Serum
  • Placental tissues
55
Q

Borrelia: sample collection and handling

A
  • Blood
  • Biopsies of cutaneous lesions
56
Q

Bartonella: sample collection and handling

A
  • Blood
  • Tissues collected on necropsy
    o Vegetations in cases of endocarditis
57
Q

Coxiella burnetii: Lab ID

A
  • Culture only done in specialized laboratories
  • PCR: detect organism in early stage
  • Immunohistochemistry of biopsy specimens
  • Serology: acute and convalescent
    o Cross reactions with many species
58
Q

Bartonella spp: Lab ID

A
  • can be cultured
  • PCR
  • Serology: most common
    o Beware of cross-reactive Abs
59
Q

Borrelia: Lab ID

A
  • Serology
  • Antigen capture ELISA
  • Fluorescent Ab
  • PCR
60
Q

Borrelia: Lab ID with serology

A
  • Interpretation difficult, many seropositive are not clinically affected
  • Validation challenging b/c of lack of culture positive GOLD standard cases
61
Q

Coxiella burnetti: zoonotic/interspecies transmission

A
  • Capable of causing lab acquired infections
    o Fatal infections are reported
  • Potential BIOLOGICAL WEAPONE
    o Aerosolized organism with aim of debilitating large population
62
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi: zoonotic/interspecies transmission

A
  • NOT acquired directly from infected animals
    o All about vectors
63
Q

Bartonella spp: zoonotic/interspecies transmission

A
  • avoid cat scratches/bites (protective behaviours #1!)
  • flea and tick control important
  • testing and decolonization therapy NOT recommended for healthy cats
64
Q

Treatment options

A
  • SUCEPTIBILITY TESTING IMPOSSIBLE
65
Q

C. burnetii treatment

A
  • Doxycycline
66
Q

Borrelia treatment

A
  • Doxycycline, beta-lactams
  • Depends on species
67
Q

Baronella spp. treatment for animals

A
  • Enrofloxavin
  • Doxycycline
68
Q

Baronella spp. treatment for humans

A
  • Azithromycin
  • Doxycycline
  • Aminoglycosides

BACTERIOLOGY - 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions