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BACTERIOLOGY - 2 > 25 – Histophilus and Glaesserella > Flashcards

25 – Histophilus and Glaesserella Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiological Characteristics

A
  • Gram negative COCCO-BACILLI
  • Biocontainment level 2
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Fastidious
  • *Glaesserella is a new genus (2020)
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2
Q

What is the natural host or habitat of Histophilus somni?

A
  • Respiratory and reproductive tract
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3
Q

What is the natural host or habitat of Glaesserella parasuis?

A
  • Particularly pigs
  • Early colonizer of respiratory tract
  • Mucous membranes
  • Lower genital tract
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4
Q

Taxonomy: requirement factors

A
  • Factor X
    o Haemin
  • Factor V
    o NAD
  • *Used to figure out the species
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5
Q

Virulence factors of Glaesserela parasuis

A
  • Capsule
  • Fimbriae
  • Lipooligosaccharide
  • *induces cells to eat it (autophagy) to get in
  • Strain variation in virulence is recognized
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6
Q

What does Histophilus somni in cattle cause?

A
  • *more than one organ system
  • Respiratory infection (shipping fever)
    o Fever, tachypnea, cough, nasal discharge
    o Can be FATAL
    o Pain associated with pleuritis
    o Congested lungs with multifocal areas of necrosis
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7
Q

What are other organ systems that can be involved with Histophilus somni in cattle?

A
  • Thrombotic meningoencephalitis
  • Septicemia
  • Myocarditis: sudden death
  • Arthritis
  • Abortion
  • Enzootic calf pneumonia
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8
Q

The lesions of Histophilus somni are related to vascular thrombosis?

A
  • Tissue infarction and necrosis with haemorrhages
    o Brain, heart, SC, kidney, intestine
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9
Q

What are the clinical signs related to site of thrombosis in cattle with Histophilus somni?

A
  • Thrombotic meningoencephalitis in older calves and yearlings
    o Depression, fever, blindness, coma and sudden death
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10
Q

How do you treat Histophilus somni in cattle?

A
  • Antimicrobials
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11
Q

How do you control Histophilus somni in cattle?

A
  • Vaccination
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12
Q

What is the disease and clinical signs of Histophilus somni in sheep?

A
  • Similarly broad spectrum of pathologies
  • Lameness
  • Speticemia
  • Epididymitis-orchitis
  • Metritis
  • Abortion
  • Mastitis
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13
Q

What is the presentation of Glaesserella parasuis in pigs?

A
  • Depends on site of infection
  • *may play a role in porcine respiratory disease complex
  • *usually in pigs 4-8 weeks old
  • Short incubation: 1-5 days
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14
Q

What are the clinical signs seen in NAÏVE HERDS?

A
  • RAPID ONSET OF DISEASE
  • Pyrexia, inappetence, anorexia
  • Aboriton in gilts
  • Lameness chronically
  • Rarely acute septicemic disease: rapid death
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Glasser’s disease in pigs with Glaesserella parasuis?

A
  • Fibrinous polyserositis=classical lesion
  • Leptomeningitis: inflammation of subarachnoid space
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16
Q

How is Glaesserella parasuis in pigs spread?

A
  • CONTACT!
    o Very important with mixing herds
17
Q

How is Glaesserella parasuis in pigs treated?

A
  • HIGH DOSES of antimicrobials EARLY in course of disease
18
Q

How is Glaesserella parasuis in pigs controlled?

A
  • Vaccination in gilts: ensuring protective MATERNAL immunity
  • Beware of new introductions
  • Not mixing litters
  • Adequate colostrum intake
19
Q

Haemophilus influenzae in humans

A
  • Found in oro/naso pharynx of up to 85% of people
  • Clinical signs depend on site of infection
    o Fever, chills, cough, difficulty breathing
  • *before vaccines it was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in kids 1 month to 2 years old
20
Q

What are some diseases that Haemophilus influenzae in people is associated with?

A
  • Meningitis
  • Otitis media
  • Epiglottitis
  • Acute sinusitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Bronchitis
  • Pneumoniae
21
Q

What is the cause fatality of Haemophilus influenzae in children?

A
  • 3-6%
  • *hearing loss following infections in ~20% of patients
  • *incidence in children has decreased 99% since late 80s
22
Q

What are the common themes of Haemophilus influenzae in people and what we see in animal species?

A
  1. Colonizes upper respiratory tract
  2. Multisystemic disease
  3. Occurs when susceptible populations mix
23
Q

Sample collections

A
  • From affected tissues
    o Joint fluid, CSF, heart blood, tissues with lesions
24
Q

Sample handling

A
  • Beware of contamination!
  • Organisms are delicate
  • Don’t survive well outside of hosts
  • Get them to the lab quick!
  • Do NOT freeze
25
Q

Lab ID

A
  • Culture: chocolate, biochemical ID, morphology, MALDI
  • PCR based assays
  • Serological testing
  • Histological visualization
26
Q

Zoonotic/interspecies transmission

A
  • Pathogenic species tend to be HOST SPECIFIC
    o Animal species are LIMITED to hosts
  • NOT RECOGNIZED AS ZOONOSES
27
Q

Treatment options

A
  • Antimicrobials EARLY in infection
  • Macrolide type drugs (ex. Erythromycin)
  • *vaccines important! (Glaesserella parasuis)
  • *intrinsic resistance of streptogramins
28
Q

Human Haemophilius spp and treatment options

A
  • Do NOT typically produce beta-lactamases
    o Included a beta-lactamase inhibitor will NOT help
  • For us: If resistant to one of your penicillin than reach for another class of drugs!
    o Amoxicillin/clavulanate will NOT be effective against ampicillin resistant isolates
    o Clavulanate acid: usually prevents the beta-lactamases from working

BACTERIOLOGY - 2 (15 decks)

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