24 – Leptospira Flashcards
Microbiological characteristics
- Spirochales and Brachyspirales
- Biocontainment level 2
- *2 chromosomes
- Culture is challenging: slow growing
- Causes a constellation of disease syndromes in MANY species
o Complex epidemiology
Leptospira scanning electron micrograph
- ‘characteristic’ crooked ends
Natural host or habitat
- Maintained by animal hosts
o Persist in renal tubules, shed in urine, contaminate environment - Water associated (flooding)
o Susceptible to desiccation - *moisture is very important for transmission!
How can humans get Leptospira?
- Direct or indirect contact with urine
o Rodents
o Water
o Wildlife
Taxonomy: basic
- Divided into species: genetic relatedness
- Divided into serovars (Capitalized and not italics)
o Defined by presence of surface antigens
o Not all are found in only one species, LOTS of overlap
Virulence factors
- Invade tissues through moist/softened skin, mucous membranes or ingestion
- Adhesions
- Surface surviving proteins
- Haeme oxygenase
- Flagella
What are the ‘big’ clinical signs seen with Leptospira in many species
- ICTERIC
- RENAL DISEASE
What might Leptospira Hardjo cause in cattle?
- Reproductive problems
o Reproductive failure
o Abortion - Milk drop syndrome
o Mastitis
o Flabby udder
o Yellow or red tinged milk - *most often WITHOUT SIGNS
- *chronic genital infection is common
How is Leptospira Hardjo shed in cattle?
- Urine: possible for life
What are the clinical signs you see with acute infections of Leptospira Pomona in cattle?
- Fever, anorexia, lethargy, decrease milk production
- Haemolytic anemia, intravascular hemolysis, petechiation
- Necrotizing placentitis
How is Leptospira Pomona in cattle treated?
- *depends on which serovar
o Antimicrobials
o Supportive care (IV fluids, NSAIDs, Blood transfusion)
What is the prevention for Leptospira Pomona in cattle?
- Vaccines
- Maintain clean, dry environment
- Eliminate carriers (treat or cull)
Where does Leptospira Pomona in pigs persist and how is it shed?
- Persists in kidney
- Shed in urine
What are the clinical signs typically seen in gilts with acute Leptospira Pomona?
- Pyrexia, listlessness
- May go unrecognized in herd
What are the clinical signs typically seen in gilts with chronic Leptospira Pomona?
- Abortions
- Considerable economic loss
- *can get serovars from other species