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BACTERIOLOGY - 2 > 26 – Taylorella and Bordetella > Flashcards

26 – Taylorella and Bordetella Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiological characteristics

A
  • Small gram-NEGATIVE cocco-bacilli
  • Biocontainment level 2
  • *Taylorella equigenitalis is notifiable in Canada
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2
Q

Microbiological characteristics of Taylorella

A
  • Carboxyphilic
  • Facultative anaerobe
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3
Q

Microbiological characteristics of Bordetella

A
  • Obligate aerobes
  • Non-fermentable
  • *HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
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4
Q

Taylorella natural host or habitat

A
  • Host associated
  • In equine genital tract
  • Do NOT survive well in environment
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5
Q

Bordetella natural host or habitat

A
  • Respiratory tract of many species
    o Healthy and diseased animals
  • Pigs, dogs, rabbits, people
  • *B. bronchiseptica also has an environmental reservoir in amoeba
  • Do NOT survive well in environment
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6
Q

Virulence factors of Bordetella

A
  • Adenylate cyclase haemolysin
  • **Dermonecrotic toxin
  • Fimbriae
  • Tracheal cytotoxin
  • Typer III secretion system
  • **Pertussis Toxin (B. pertussis)
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7
Q

Dermonecrotic toxin of Bordetella

A
  • Amount of toxin produced may be related to strain VIRULENCE
  • Inhibitory towards porcine osteoblasts (atrophic rhinitis)
  • Also required for B. avium to be pathogenic
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8
Q

B. pertussis: Pertussis Toxin

A
  • *believed to be responsible for WHOOPING COUGH
  • Composed of 5, 2-part subunits (A, B)
  • Leads to increased cAMP levels
    o Affects cells signalling
  • Has systemic effects: increased insulin
  • Inhibits recruitment of WBCs and affects chemokine production
    o Interferes with innate response
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9
Q

What does T. equigenitalis cause in horses?

A
  • Contagious equine metritis
  • Venereal disease in horses
    o Natural mating or AI
  • *T. asinigenitalis rarely associated with similar infections
  • *NOTIFICABLE DISEASE (CFIA)
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10
Q

T. equigenitalis in mares

A
  • Vaginal discharge 2-7 days after bredding
  • Return to estrous
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11
Q

T. equigenitalis in stallions

A
  • Doesn’t typically result in clinical disease: SILENT carriers
  • Found in smegma accumulating in urethral fossa
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12
Q

What is the treatment of T. equigenitalis?

A
  • Antimicrobials
  • Daily cleansing of vulva and clitoris
    o Including clitoral fossa=important site of carriage
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13
Q

How can you control T. equigenitalis?

A
  • Careful selection of studs
  • Screening fo stallions
  • Import controls
  • *if importing from endemic region=tested and quarantined
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14
Q

What does B. avium cause in turkeys?

A
  • Turkey Coryza: disease of upper respiratory tract
    o Sneezing (called snick)
    o Nasal discharge (mucoid, tenacious exudate)
    o Altered vocalization
    o Mouth breathing
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15
Q

B. avium causing Turkey Coryza

A
  • highly infectious: up to 100% of flock affected
  • affects young birds (<4weeks)
    o if see high proportion sneezing=highly suggestive!
  • 7-10 day incubation
  • *low mortality: may be up to 40% if secondary invaders
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16
Q

How is B. avium transmitted?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Contaminated feed, water, litter
  • *survives in environment for 1-6 months!
  • Can affect chickens=less severe
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17
Q

How do you treat B. avium in turkeys?

A
  • Antimicrobials (tetracyclines)
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18
Q

How do you control B. avium in turkeys?

A
  • Vaccinations
  • Biosecurity
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19
Q

What is B. bronchiseptica associated with in pigs?

A
  • Infections of respiratory tract in young pigs
    o Pneumonia
    o Atrophic rhinitis
20
Q

What are the 2 things that cause atrophic rhinitis?

A
  • Complex of P. multocida type D (PM)
  • A and B bronchiseptica (BB)
21
Q

How does atrophic rhinitis occur?

A
  • BB starts infection, causing damage which allows PM to proliferate
  • Toxins produced by PM cause epithelial hypoplasia, atrophy of mucous glands, osteolysis
  • Dermonecrotic inhibits osteoblasts
  • *ultimately result in atrophy of nasal turbinate’s and shrinking snout
22
Q

What does B. bronchiseptica cause in dogs?

A
  • Kennel cough! (canine infectious tracheobronchitis)
  • *often polymicrobial
23
Q

What are the ACUTE onset clinical signs that are seen with B. bronchiseptica in dogs?

A
  • Paroxysmal: productive cough with retching
  • Swollen vocal cords resulting in unusual sounding cough=honk
24
Q

B. bronchiseptica in dogs

A
  • Usually self limiting
  • Incubation period of 3-10 days
  • *very contagious: ISOLATE
  • Clinically inapparent infections VERY common
  • Long-term subclinical infections
  • *can be difficult to clear even with antimicrobials
25
Q

What is an important part of the diagnosis for Kennel cough?

A
  • Patient history
    o Lack of vaccine in past 6 months
    o Contact with other dogs
26
Q

How do you treat B. bronchiseptica in dogs?

A
  • Antimicrobials in severe case (DOXYCYCLINE)
  • *supportive therapy
    o Anti-inflammatory
    o Antitussives
    o Bronchodilators
27
Q

What are the vaccines available for B. bronchiseptica in dogs?

A
  • Modified live: intranasal
    o Triggering immunity right where the organism is going to infect them
    o Risk of return to virulence
    o Low virulence strain could cause disease in an immunocompromised person or animal
  • Whole cell and antigen extract: subcutaneous
  • Modified live: oral
  • *also vaccines for other respiratory pathogens may reduce severity of disease (DA2PP): includes parainfluenza
28
Q

B. bronchiseptica in cats

A
  • less common
  • may be associated with contact with infected dogs
  • disease more sever in young kittens
  • treatment: doxycycline
29
Q

What are the clinical signs in cats with B. bronchiseptica?

A
  • Sneezing
  • Mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge
  • *often mild compared to dogs
  • COUGH is UNCOMMON
30
Q

B. bronchiseptica in rabbits

A
  • Similar to what is seen with P. multocida
    o Rhinitis
    o Pneumonia
    o Otitis media/interna
  • *very common rabbits with respiratory disease
31
Q

B. bronchiseptica in guinea pigs

A
  • ONE OF THE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES TO BORDETELLA INFECTIONS
    o More likely to lead to serious disease, than carrier state
  • Acute rapidly progressive respiratory infections with HIGH mortality rate
  • *rabbits can serve as a reservoir
32
Q

B. pertussis in humans

A
  • Whooping Cough: Most commonly children
    o 3 phases of disease progression
  • Atypical pertussis in adults
    o High density populations: students
  • Globally 350,000 deaths annually
  • Highly contagious
  • Vaccines available
33
Q

What are the 3 phases of whooping cough disease progression in humans?

A
  1. Prodromal phase
  2. Paroxysmal phase
  3. Convalescent phase
34
Q

Prodromal phase of whooping cough in humans

A
  • Cold or flu like illness
35
Q

Paroxysmal phase of whooping cough in humans

A
  • Begins 7-14 days after prodromal phase
  • Coughing paroxysms, followed by desperate gasps for air
  • Paroxysms often followed by cyanosis and vomiting
36
Q

Convalescent phase of whooping cough in humans

A
  • Within 4 weeks of onset
  • Decreased occurrence of paroxysms
37
Q

Sample collection for Taylorella equigenitalis

A
  • Swabs or biopsies
    o Mares: cervix, uterus, clitoral fossa
    o Stallions: urethra, urethral fossa, prepuce
38
Q

Sample handling for Taylorella equigenitalis

A
  • CRITICAL
  • Don’t disinfect tissue before collection
  • Collect samples before antimicrobials administered
  • False negatives can be a big challenge
39
Q

Sample collection of Bordetella spp

A
  • Nasal or tracheal swab
  • Do NOT use cotton swabs
    o Cotton can be toxic to them and reduce likelihood of recovery
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage
  • Transtracheal wash
40
Q

Sample handling of Bordetella spp.

A
  • Transport media important
  • Do NOT freeze
41
Q

Lab ID of Taylorella

A
  • Culture
  • May not be well IDed by Maldi-Tof
  • PCR of cultures or clinical samples
42
Q

Lab ID of Bordetella

A
  • Culture
    o Blood and chocolate agar
  • Serology
  • Fluorescent Ab test on tissue sections
43
Q

Taylorella: zoonotic/interspecies transmission

A
  • ONLY causes clinical disease in EQUIDS
44
Q

Bordetella: zoonotic/interspecies transmission

A
  • Should ALL be considered POTENTIALLY ZOONOTIC
  • B. bronchiseptica isolated form respiratory tract of people including whooping cough like illness
    o Presumed to be zoonotic
    o Can be pathogenic in compromised patients (children, chronic alcoholics, AIDS, acute leukemia)
    o *sick from dog with attenuated-live vaccine
45
Q

Treatment of Taylorella

A
  • Antimicrobials to eliminate
    o Many are effective
  • No guidelines for conducting or interpreting antimicrobial susceptibility
46
Q

Treatment of Bordetella

A
  • Susceptibility to antimicrobials varies
    o Widespread CEPHALOSPORIN RESISTANCE
  • TETRACYCLINES typically treatment of choice

BACTERIOLOGY - 2 (15 decks)

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