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REB > 29. Cloaca, Uterus, External Genitalia > Flashcards

29. Cloaca, Uterus, External Genitalia Flashcards

1
Q

Where do germ cells originate from?

A

Epiblast

Migrate through primitive streak and develop in the wall of the yolk sac

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2
Q

Where do the indifferent gonads develop?

A

Urogenital ridge

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3
Q

Where do the germ cells migrate in weeks 5-6?

A

To the urogenital ridge

Later migrate into primitive sex cords

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4
Q

What is the urogenital ridge covered by?

A

Epithelial cells of mesodermal origin

-proliferate into a thick layer to form the primitive sex cords

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5
Q

What causes sex determination?

A

Short arm of Y chromosome contains sex determining region

Produce Testis determining factor or SRY

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6
Q

What influence does the Y chromosome have on the developing foetus?

A

Testis develop
Medullary cords develop
No cortical cords
Thick tunica albuginea

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7
Q

What is the function of the tunica albuginea?

A

Prevents blood leaving the penis during an erection

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8
Q

What effect does the lack of a Y chromosome have on the foetus?

A

Ovaries develop
Medullary cords degenerate
Cortical cords develop
No tunica albuginea

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9
Q

What do the primitive sex cords become in the male?

A

Testis cords

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10
Q

What happens to the male gonads at 8 weeks?

A

Testis cords separate from the tunica albuginea

Connections between the testis cords and mesonephric tubules are now the rete testis cords

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11
Q

What happens to the male gonads at 4 months?

A

Testis cords form loops
Germ cells inside communicate with sertoli cells
Rete testis cords connect with the mesonephric tubules

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12
Q

What does the connection between the rete testis cords and mesonephric tubules become at puberty?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

What are the effects of hormones on the male gonads at 4 months?

A

Testosterone is produced by Leydig cells
-Stimulates mesonephric duct

Mullerian inhibiting substance by Sertoli cells
-paramesonephric ducts degenerate

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14
Q

What does the mesonephric duct become in the male?

A

Epididymis

Ductus deferens

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15
Q

What does the paramesonephric duct become in the male?

A

Appendix testis

Prostatic utricle

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16
Q

What happens to the mesonephric duct in both males and females?

A

Enters cloaca
Ureteric buds form off sides
Becomes incorporated into the bladder as the trigone

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17
Q

Where does the gubernaculum originate from?

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

What is the function of the gubernaculum?

A

Pulls gonads down to pelvis

19
Q

What path do the testis take in their descent?

A

Through inguinal canal to scrotum

20
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis a remnant of?

A

Processus vaginalis

21
Q

What is cryptorchidis?

A

Undescended testes by 3 months

22
Q

What is the name of the surgical removal of an undescended testis?

A

Orchidopexy

23
Q

What happens to the female gonads at 7 weeks?

A

Primitive sex cords degenerate

Overlying epithelium proliferates to form cortical cords

24
Q

What happens to the female gonads at 4 months?

A

Cortical cords separate from overlying epithelium

Form follicular cells surrounding oogonia

25
Q

What does the paramesonephric duct become in females?

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cervix and upper vagina

26
Q

What does the mesonephric duct become in females?

A

Gartner’s cyst

Broad ligament

27
Q

What does the gubernaculum remain as in females?

A

Ovarian and round ligaments

28
Q

What does the cloaca divide into?

A

Urogenital sinus

Hingut

29
Q

What does the urachas become once it closes off at the umbilicus?

A

Median ligament

30
Q

What do the external genitalia of both males and females arise from?

A

Genital tubercle

31
Q

What do the cloacal folds and membrane become?

A

Anal folds and membrane

Urethral folds and membrane

32
Q

What happens to the female external genitalia after the indifferent stage?

A

Genital tubercle regresses and bends inferiorly to form the clitoris
Phallic segment of urogenital sinus forms vestibule of vagina
Urethral folds form the labia minora
Genital swellings form labia majora

33
Q

What is formed when the uterine canal connects to the posterior urogenital sinus in the female?

A

Sinovaginal bulbs

34
Q

What do the sinovaginal bulbs become?

A

Vagina

35
Q

What is the hymen formed from?

A

Proliferation of the sinovaginal bulbs

36
Q

What is haematocolpos?

A

Hymen doesn’t perforate

Menstrual blood is retained within the vagina

37
Q

What do the genital swellings form in the male foetus?

A

Fuse to form a single scrotum

38
Q

What happens to the male external genitalia after the indifferent stage?

A

Phallus elongates
Urethral folds zip together in midline to enclose penile urethra
Epithelium invaginates into glans to form external meatus

39
Q

Name 3 forms of intersex states?

A

5-a-reductase deficiency
Klinefelter Syndrome
Gonadal dysgenesis

40
Q

What does a 5-a-reductase deficiency result in?

A

Ambiguous genitalia in males

41
Q

What does klinefelter syndrome result in?

A

Decreased fertility
Small testes
Decreased testosterone
Gynecomastia

42
Q

What is gonadal dysgenesis?

A

Failed or incomplete gonadal development

Germ cell deficiency

43
Q

What is XY Female gonadal dysgenesis?

A

Point mutation or deletion of SRY gene

Appear as normal females but no menstruation or secondary sex characteristics

44
Q

What are the symptoms of Turner Syndrome?

A 
Short stature
High-arched palate
Webbed neck
Shield-like chest
Cardiac and renal anomalies
Inverted nipples

REB (29 decks)

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