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REB > 1. Cellular Mechanisms of Hormone Action > Flashcards

1. Cellular Mechanisms of Hormone Action Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of a negative feedback loop?

A

Keeps the hormone within a narrow concentration range

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2
Q

What is the effect of a positive feedback loop?

A

Reinforces the initial stimulus

Produces a greater response

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3
Q

What are the functions of hormones at a cellular level?

A
  1. Change membrane permeability
  2. Regulate protein expression
  3. Moderate enzyme activity
  4. Induce or suppress the release of secretory products
  5. Stimulate cell division
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4
Q

What determines the rate of delivery of a hormone?

A
  1. Rate of synthesis and secretion
  2. Proximity of target cell
  3. Dissociation constant
  4. Rate of conversion to active form
  5. Rate of clearance from liver/kidney
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5
Q

Which four receptor statuses can influence the degree of cellular response?

A
  1. Density
  2. State of occupancy
  3. Affinity of receptors for hormone
  4. Desensitization
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6
Q

What 4 ways can hormones be classified?

A

Chemical nature
Solubility
Receptor location
Type of receptor

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7
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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8
Q

Name 2 steroid hormones

A

Testosterone

Estrogen

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9
Q

Name 2 peptide hormones

A

Oxytocin

Insulin

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10
Q

Name 2 protein/glycoprotein hormones

A

LH

TSH

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11
Q

Name 2 amine hormones

A

Epinephrine

Thyroxine

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12
Q

Which types of hormones are hydrophobic?

A

Steroid hormones

Some amine hormones

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13
Q

Which types of hormones are hydrophilic?

A

Some amine hormones

Peptide and protein hormones

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14
Q

How are steroid hormones transported?

A

Bound to a transport protein

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15
Q

Which amino acids are amine hormones synthesised from?

A

Tryptophan

Tyrosine

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16
Q

What types of receptors are used by hydrophilic hormones?

A

Cell membrane receptors

Uses a second messenger

17
Q

What types of receptors are used by hydrophobic hormones?

A

Intracellular receptors

Bind to HRE and changes gene expression

18
Q

How is cAMP signalling controlled?

A

PKA activates phosphodiesterase which deactivates cAMP

19
Q

What does phospholipase C cleave membrane bound phospholipids into?

A

Diacylglycerol

Inositol triphosphate

20
Q

How does calcium act as a second messenger?

A

Cofactor for enzymes

Binds to calmodulin which can modulate protein kinase within the cell

21
Q

What receptor drives the conversion of GTP to cGMP?

A

Guanylate cyclase

22
Q

What is released by the cardiac atria when blood pressure is increased?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

23
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Causes the conversion of GTP to cGMP
cGMP activates protein kinase G and regulates ion channels
Reduction in ECF volume by increasing Na+ secretion

24
Q

What type of a receptor is an insulin receptor?

A

Tyrosine-specific protein kinase

25
Q

What does insulin receptor activation result in?

A

Glucose uptake

Glycogen synthesis

26
Q

What is type 2 diabetes caused by?

A

Reduction in or insensitive insulin receptors

27
Q

What is Graves’ disease caused by?

A

Autoantibodies against TSH receptor

Antibody binding increases thyroid hormone production, causing hyperthyroidism

28
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay

29
Q

Describe the principles of sandwich ELISA

A
  1. Wells coated with antibody specific to hormone/antigen to be detected
  2. Antibody binds to well
  3. Wash to remove unbound material
  4. Sample is added
    Hormone binds to antibody
  5. Second antibody specific to the hormone is added
    Antibody is linked to an enzyme which produces a colour when exposed to its substrate
    Colour is directly proportional to antigen
30
Q

Describe the principles of competitive ELISA

A
  1. Primary antibody is incubated with the sample forming a complex with the antigen
  2. Complex added to wells coated with same antigen
  3. High amount of antigen means a lot bound to primary antibody
    Less antigen binds in well
  4. Secondary antibody, enzyme and substrate added
  5. Colour concentration is inversely proportional to the amount of antigen present

REB (29 decks)

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