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REB > 10. Effects of Adrenal Hormones > Flashcards

10. Effects of Adrenal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 zones in the adrenal glands?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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2
Q

Name a mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

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3
Q

Name a glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

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4
Q

What is the main sex hormone made in the adrenal cortex?

A

DHEA

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5
Q

What zone are mineralocorticoids made in?

A

Glomerulosa

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6
Q

What zone are glucocorticoids made in?

A

Fasciculata

Reticularis

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7
Q

Where are the adrenal sex hormones produced?

A

Fasciculata

Reticularis

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8
Q

Why are only small amount of adrenal hormones found in adrenocortical cells at a given time?

A

Cells produce and secrete them on demand rather than storing them

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9
Q

How are adrenocortical steroids transported?

A

Plasma proteins

eg. CBG, albumin

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10
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Acts at distal and collecting tubes of kidney
-Retains Na+, expanding ECF volume
-K+ elimination
Regulation of BP

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11
Q

What increases aldosterone secretion?

A

RAAS system

Direct stimulation of adrenal cortex by a rise in plasma K+

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12
Q

What are the metabolic functions of cortisol?

A

Inhibits glucose uptake by tissues
Increases hepatic gluconeogenesis
Stimulates protein degradation (more AAs for gluconeogenesis)
Facilitates lypolysis

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13
Q

What are the non-metabolic functions of cortisol?

A

Enhances the capacity of glucagon and catecholamines
Stress adaptation
Anti-inflammatory and immuno-suppressant

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14
Q

When is glucocorticoid therapy used?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Prevent organ transplant rejection

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15
Q

What increases cortisol secretion?

A

Diurnal rhythm (highest in the morning)
Stress
ACTH

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16
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Hypersecreting adrenal tumour of the aldosterone-secreting cells

17
Q

What is secondary hyperaldosterism?

A

Inappropriately high activity of RAAS

18
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperaldosteronism?

A

Increased whole body Na+, fluid and circulating blood volume
Hypokalaemia leading to weakness and fatigue
Hypertension

19
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Cortisol hypersecretion

20
Q

What are the causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Adenomas of anterior pituitary hypersecreting ACTH (Cushing’s disease)
Abnormal function of the hypothalamus
Ectopic secretion of ACTH by tumour somewhere else in the body
Adenomas of the adrenal cortex

21
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Hyperglycaemia
Glucosuria
Protein shortage (muscle weakness and fatigue)
Body fat deposited in abdomen, above shoulder blades and face
Stretch marks on abdomen
Easy bruising and poor wound healing
Increased adrenal androgens

22
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

All layers of the adrenal cortex are undersecreting

Aldosterone and cortisol deficient

23
Q

What is the cause of Addison’s Disease?

A

Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex

24
Q

What are the symptoms of aldosterone deficiency in Addison’s disease?

A

Hyperkalaemia (disturbs cardiac rhythm)
Hyponatraemia
Hypotension

25
Q

What are the symptoms of cortisol deficiency in Addison’s disease?

A

Poor response to stress
Hypoglycaemia
Hyperpigmentation

26
Q

What is the cause of hyperpigmentation in Addison’s Disease?

A

Excessive secretion of ACTH
Uninhibited due to low cortisol so no negative feedback
High levels of ACTH can bind to closely related a-MSH receptors in skin

27
Q

What is the result of combined lack of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency in Addison’s Disease?

A

Vascular collapse
Shock
Death

28
Q

What is the treatment for Addison’s Disease?

A

Large volumes of .9% saline or 5% dextrose in saline
Cortisol
Daily glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement

29
Q

What are the causes of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency?

A

Pituitary or hypothalamus abnormality

Only results in a cortisol deficiency

30
Q

What type of cells are found in the adrenal medulla?

A

Modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons called chromaffin cells

31
Q

What is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

32
Q

What are the effects of catecholamines on organs?

A

Produce the ‘flight-or-fight’ response
Increase rate and strength of cardiac contraction
Increases CO and BP
Reduce digestive activity and inhibit bladder emptying
Adrenaline causes vasodilation of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels
-dilates airways

33
Q

What are the metabolic effects of catecholamines?

A 
Stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
Muscle glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Inhibits insulin
Stimulates glucagon
34
Q

What are the effects of catecholamines on the CNS?

A

State of arousal and increased alertness
Sweating
Flatten lens and dilate pupil

35
Q

What is catecholamine secretion controlled by?

A

Sympathetic input to the gland

REB (29 decks)

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