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REB > 12. Biochemistry of the Main Gonadal Hormones > Flashcards

12. Biochemistry of the Main Gonadal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main gonadal hormones in females?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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2
Q

What are the main gonadal hormones in males?

A

Testosterone and DHT

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3
Q

Which axis is involved in the control of female gonadal hormones?

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonado Axis

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4
Q

What type of hormone is GnRH?

A

Peptide

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5
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Stimulates follicular development in females

Spermatogenesis in sertol cells in males

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7
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Maintain structure and secretory function of corpus luteum in females
Secretion of testosterone in males

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8
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A

Converts endometrium to the secretory stage

Prepares uterus for implantation

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9
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A

Inhibits secretion of FSH

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10
Q

Where is inhibin secreted from?

A

Granulosa cells in ovary

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11
Q

What are the events of day 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menses: shedding of the endometrium

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12
Q

What are the events of day 5-13 of the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular phase
Ovum maturation
Endometrium proliferates
Oestrogen levels gradually rise

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13
Q

What are the events of day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation

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14
Q

What are the events of day 15-28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Luteal phase
Increased progesterone
Decreased gonadotropins
If no fertilisation occurs, progesterone is no longer secreted and menses occured
If fertilisation does occur then the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone

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15
Q

What are the 3 primary roles of oestrogen?

A

Secondary sex characteristics
Control reproductive cycle
Stimulates linear bone growth

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16
Q

What are the female secondary sex characteristics?

A 
Enlargement of the breasts
Body hair
Thigh muscles behind femur
Widening of hips
Increased oil and sweat glands
Change in distribution of fat
17
Q

Where is oestrogen made?

A

Ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex

18
Q

What are the other actions of oestrogen?

A
  1. Fertility control (follicle development, timing of follicular phase
  2. Preparation of the uterus for implantation (proliferation and vascularisation of endometrial cells and induction of progesterone receptors)
  3. Inhibit FSH release
  4. Retention of Na+ and water
  5. Increases HDL and decreases LDL
  6. Increased coagulability of blood
  7. Maintains bone density and elasticity of skin and blood vessels
19
Q

What are the 3 forms of oestrogen?

A

Estrone (menopause)
Estradiol
Estriol (pregnancy)

20
Q

Which adrenal cortex hormone is a major source of androgenic activity in females?

A

Androstenedione

21
Q

What are the functions of aromatase?

A

Converts testosterone to estradiol in the ovary

Converts androstenedione to estrone in peripheral adipose

22
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

Corpus luteum, placenta, testes, adrenal cortex

23
Q

What are the effects of progesterone?

A

Maturation of the endometrium

Supports gestation and embryogenesis

24
Q

Where are glycoproteins produced?

A

Anterior pituitary, chorion, placenta

25
Q

What type of hormones are gonadotropins?

A

Glycoproteins

Have a shared alpha subunit and a different beta one

26
Q

What controls the release of gonadotropins?

A

GnRH is secreted in a pulsatile manner from the hypothalamus

27
Q

What do low frequency pulses of GnRH from the hypothalamus result in?

A

Release of FSH

28
Q

What do high frequency pulses of GnRH from the hypothalamus result in?

A

Release of LH

29
Q

What converts testosterone to DHT?

A

5a-reductase

30
Q

What are the male secondary sex characteristics?

A 
Hair
Thigh muscle in front of femur
Enlargement of larynx and deepening of voice
Increase in stature
Heavier skull and bone structure
Increased muscle mass and strength
Broadening of shoulders and chest
Increased secretion of oil and sweat glands
Higher waist-to-hip ratio than females
31
Q

What happens in a 5a-reductase deficiency?

A

Testosterone is not converted to DHT
Boys are born with ambiguous external genitalia
Full virilization occurs at puberty (‘penis at 12’ syndrome)

REB (29 decks)

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