2.9 And 2.10

Question 1

Are insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids and organic solvents such as alcohol and ether

Answer 1

Lipids

Question 2

Commonly known as fats when solid or oils when liquid

Answer 2

Triglycerides (neutral fats)

Question 3

Are linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group (-COOH) at one end

Answer 3

Fatty acids

Question 4

Is a modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol)

Answer 4

Glycerol

Question 5

Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Answer 5

Saturated

Question 6

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

Answer 6

Unsaturated (monounsaturated or polyunsaturated respectively)

Question 7

Oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds

Answer 7

Trans fat

Question 8

Found naturally in cold water fish

Answer 8

Omega-3 fatty acids

Question 9

Are modified triglycerides

Answer 9

Phospholipids

Question 10

Are basically flat molecules made of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings

Answer 10

Steroids

Question 11

Are diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid (arachnid Knox acid) found in all cell membranes

Answer 11

Eicosanoids

Question 12

Composes 10-30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body

Answer 12

Protein

Question 13

The building blocks of proteins are molecules called…. Of which there are 20 common types

Answer 13

Amino acids

Answer 14

Peptide bond

Question 15

Large complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids

Answer 15

Macromolecule

Question 16

The primary chain is cooked to form a spiral structure, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Answer 16

Alpha helix

Question 17

The primary polypeptide do not coil, but are linked side by side by hydrogen bonds to form a pleated, ribbon like structure that resembles an accordion bellows

Answer 17

Beta pleated sheet

Question 18

The acid group of one amino acid is bonded to the amine group of the next, with loss of a water molecule

Answer 18

Dehydration synthesis

Question 19

Peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when water is added to the bond

Answer 19

Hydrolysis

Question 20

The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain

Answer 20

Primary structure

Question 21

The primary chain forms spirals (helices) and sheets (B sheets)

Answer 21

Secondary structure

Question 22

Superimposed on secondary structure. Helices and or B sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds

Answer 22

Tertiary structure

Question 23

Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein

Answer 23

Quaternary structure

Question 24

Consists of extended, strand like polypeptide chains forming a strong, rope like structure that is linear, insoluble in water, and very stable (collagen)

Answer 24

Fibrous proteins (Structural proteins)

Question 25

Are compact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure

Answer 25

Globular proteins (functional proteins)

Question 26

Individual proteins vary in their sensitivity to environmental conditions, hydrogen bonds begin to break when the pH drops or the temperature rises above normal (physiological) levels, causing proteins to unfold and lose their specific 3 dimensional shape. This condition, a protein is said to be….

Answer 26

Denatured

Question 27

Are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

Answer 27

Enzymes

Question 28

Some enzymes are purely protein. In other cases, the functional enzyme consists of two parts, collectively called a……
A apoenzyme (protein part) and a cofactor

Answer 28

Holoenzyme

Question 29

A cofactor depending on the enzyme may be a metal element or an organic molecule. Most organic ones are derived from vitamins (especially B complex vitamins). This type of cofactor is more precisely called….

Answer 29

Coenzyme

Question 30

The part of the enzyme where catalytic activity occurs is the…

Answer 30

Active site

Question 31

The substance on which an enzyme acts is called a …

Answer 31

Substrate

Question 32

Every chemical reaction requires that a certain amount of energy called …

Answer 32

Activation energy

Question 33

3 basic steps appear to be involved in enzyme action

Answer 33

• substrate(s) bind to the enzymes active site, temporarily forming an enzyme substrate complex

-the enzyme substrate complex under goes internal rearrangements that form the product(s)

-the enzyme releases the product(s) of the reaction