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Year 1- A&P > 2.8. Nervous System > Flashcards

2.8. Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system comprised of?

A

Millions of neurons and glial cells

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2
Q

What makes up the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord (Central Nervous System)

Nerves (Peripheral Nervous System)

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3
Q

What is the VOLUNTARY system of peripheral nerves called?

A

Somatic nervous system

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4
Q

What is the INVOLUNTARY system of peripheral nerves called?

A

Visceral nervous system

later turns into the sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

What do glial cells provide?

A

Nourishment and support to the neurons

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6
Q

Neurons are so specialised they do not undergo further mitotic divisions once developed.
What does this mean in the neonatal period?

A

Number of neurons produced far exceeds the level required

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7
Q

What is the purpose of a DENDRITE?

A

Branch-like structures extending away from the cell body, and their job is to receive messages from other neurons and allow messages to travel to the cell body.

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8
Q

What is the CELL BODY?

A

Contains nucleus, smooth & rough ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria etc

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9
Q

What is the AXON?

A

Carries an electrical impulse from the cell body to axon terminals, which can then pass the impulse to another neuron

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10
Q

What is the SYNAPSE?

A

Chemical junction between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of the next

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11
Q

What is the MYELIN SHEATH?

A

Acts as insulation to minimise dissipation of electrical signal as it travels down the axon.
Greatly increases speed of conduction

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12
Q

What is the NODE OF RANVIER?

A

Periodic gaps in the myelin sheath where the signal is recharged

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13
Q

What are the 3 major types of neuron?

A

Sensory/ Afferent

Motor/ Efferent

Interneurons

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14
Q

Describe a sensory/afferent neuron

A

Converts external stimuli from environment to corresponding internal stimuli

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15
Q

Describe a motor/efferent neuron

A

Project axons outside of the CNS to directly or indirectly control muscles

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16
Q

Describe an interneuron

A

‘middle men’ that form connections between the other 2 types

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17
Q

Describe the process of communication among neurons

A
  • Neurons usually have a negative conc grad- more Na+ outside, more K+ inside (resting membrane potential)
  • When the electrical impulse reaches the axon, Na gates open, allowing Na+ across the conc grad into the axon
  • This causes the membrane to become depolarised
  • Na channels close, membrane becomes leaky to K+, which move out of the axon down the electrochemical gradient
  • Results in repolarisation
  • Process propagates along length of neuron (action potential)
  • Neurotransmitters are released from the first neuron at synapse
  • They travel across and trigger an action potential in the second neuron
  • If the axon has a myelin sheath, action potential moves faster
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18
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cell

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of reaction that occur at the synapse?

A
  1. Chemical

2. Electrical

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of the HINDBRAIN?

A
  1. Pons
  2. Medulla
  3. Cerebellum
21
Q

Key functions of PONS

A

Regulates body temperature, heart rate, swallowing, breathing

22
Q

Key functions of MEDULLA

A

Control centre for respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive systems

23
Q

Key functions of CEREBELLUM

A

Coordinates skeletal muscles to produce smooth motions

24
Q

Key functions of MIDBRAIN

A

Motor movement- eye, auditory, visual processing

25
Q

What are the 2 parts of the DIANCEPHALON?

A
  1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

26
Q

Key functions of THALAMUS

A

Passes information to the cerebral cortex

27
Q

Key functions of HYPOTHALAMUS

A

Sexual behaviour, release hormones, regulate body temp, controls appetite, regulates emotional responses

28
Q

Key function of SPINAL CORD

A

Convey info to brain, carry info to skeletal muscles, control posture, control nearby organs

29
Q

Key functions of CEREBRUM

A

Thought and control centre, emotions and decision making.

Gray matter- mass of cell bodies, synapses, dendrites
White matter- myelin-coated axons

30
Q

What are the 4 parts of the CEREBRAL CORTEX?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Temporal lobe
  3. Occipital lobe
  4. Parietal lobe
31
Q

Starting at the TOP of the spinal cord, label the 4 groups of nerves

A
  1. Cervical nerves
  2. Thoracic nerves
  3. Lumbar nerves
  4. Sacral and Coccygeal nerves
32
Q

What is the significance of Sacral and Coccygeal nerves in midwifery?

A
  • Nerves of pelvic organs and lower limbs
  • Sensory innervation of perineum and anal sphincters
    ^^EPIDURAL affects these nerves^^
33
Q

What is the DURA?

A

Outermost layer of spinal cord tissue

Tough protective coating

34
Q

What is the epidural space filled with and where is it located?

A
  • Filled with adipose tissue and contains a network of blood vessels
  • Located between the dura matter and surrounding bone of the vertebrae
35
Q

List 3 changes or symptoms which pregnant women may experience during pregnancy as a result of changes to the CNS

A
  1. Grey matter volume shrinks during pregnancy and for up to 2 years post birth
  2. Pituitary gland enlarges gradually. In 3rd trimester, oedema can affect vision
  3. Progesterone affects neural activity in the brain, reducing level of excitatory neurotransmitters- increased desire for sleep (1st trimester)
36
Q

What makes up the PNS (peripheral)?

A

All neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord- Peripheral nerves and associated ganglia and efferent motor endings

37
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

Detects changes in the body’s external or internal environments

38
Q

What is the somatic nervous system subdivided into?

A
  1. Sensory components

2. Motor components

39
Q

What is the motor component responsible for?

A

Voluntary movement

40
Q

Gate Control Theory asserts that activation of nerves which do not transmit pain signals (non-nociceptive fibres) can interfere with signals from pain fibres, thereby inhibiting pain.

How could this theory be used to advise women on pain management strategies during labour?

A
  • TENS (Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) machine -> overstimulates nerves
  • Massage
  • Heat pads
41
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

A chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fibre

42
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Reflexes occur over specific neural paths called reflex arcs and may be somatic or autonomic. Many reflexes occur with little or no brain input.

43
Q

What are the 5 components of the reflex arc?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integration centre
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
44
Q

What is a RECEPTOR?

A

Specialised part of a neuron that receives a signal

45
Q

What is a SENSORY NEURON?

A

Transmits the signal to the spinal cord

46
Q

What is the INTEGRATION CENTRE?

A

An interneuron in the spinal cord that connects input to output

47
Q

What is a MOTOR NEURON?

A

transmits the signal to the effector

48
Q

What is the EFFECTOR?

A

the tissue that turns the signal to action (muscle)

Year 1- A&P (17 decks)

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