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Year 1- A&P > 2.4. Nutrition in Pregnancy > Flashcards

2.4. Nutrition in Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

2 main types of carbohydrates

A
  1. Polysaccharides (complex)

2. Monosacchardies/disaccharides (simple)

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2
Q

3 examples of monosaccharides

A
  1. glucose
  2. fructose
  3. galactose
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3
Q

3 examples of disaccharides

A
  1. sucrose
  2. lactose
  3. maltose
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4
Q

Major source of carbohydrate in diet

A

Starch- plant sources

Glycogen- animal liver and muscle

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5
Q

What is the glycaemic index (GI) ranking and how is it measured?

A

Calculated by comparing the effect of a food on blood glucose.

High GI: digested quickly, absorbed faster so blood glucose response fast.
Low GI: prolonged carb absoroption, attenuate insulin secretion.

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6
Q

What are the health benefits of a low GI diet?

A

reduced risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, lowered incidence of colorectal cancers.

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7
Q

What is dietary fibre?

Why is it important?

A

Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides.

Insoluble fibre promotes formation of bulkier and softer faecal stools. Soluble fibre slows absorption of glucose and reduces blood cholesterol levels. Forms a viscous gel with water, so protects against constipation.

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8
Q

How many types of amino acids make up proteins?

A

20 linked by peptide bonds

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9
Q

What are essential amino acids?

Give example

A

Cannot be synthesised from other amino acids and are therefore required in the diet.
eg. lysine, phenylalanine

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10
Q

What are conditionally essential amino acids?

Example

A

It is only considered essential under specific circumstances such as stress, trauma, injury and illness.
eg. arginine, tyrosine

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11
Q

What are non-essential amino acids?

Example

A

Synthesised by the body but are not used as food supplements but for energy sources.
eg. alanine, aspartic acid

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12
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

One glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids

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13
Q

Saturate fat:
How many double bonds?
State at room temp
Health implication

A
  • 0 bonds
  • Solid
  • Animal origin- increase in LDL cholesterol levels, heart disease
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14
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic substances which are essential nutrients.
Can’t be synthesised by body.
Required in small amounts for metabolism, growth and maintenance

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15
Q

Which vitamins are FAT-SOLUBLE?

A

A
K
D
E

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16
Q

Which vitamins are ANTIOXIDANTS?

A

A

E

17
Q

What is the function of minerals?

A

Regulate body function and are essential to good health

18
Q

LISTERIOSIS

  • Cause
  • Effects
  • Sources
A
  • Listeria bacteria
  • Miscarriage, stillbirth, brain damage, preterm labour, maternal mortality
  • Soil, soft cheese, pate, raw seafood, cold meats, poultry
19
Q

SALMONELLOSIS

  • Cause
  • Effects
  • Sources
A
  • Salmonella enteric
  • Maternal high fever, vomiting & diarrhoea, preterm labour, miscarriage
  • raw meat, poultry & eggs, soft yolk
20
Q

TOXOPLASMOSIS

  • Cause
  • Effects
  • Sources
A
  • Toxoplasma gondii

- Congenital mental retardation/blindness, neonatal convulsions, heamatological abnormalities, enlarged spleen/liver

21
Q

CAMPYLOBACTER

  • Cause
  • Effect
  • Sources
A
  • Campylobacter jejuni and c.coli
  • Preterm delivery, intrauterine death
  • undercooked poultry, unpasteurised milk
22
Q

PROTEIN

Changes in nutritional requirements during pregnancy

A

Increase (8-9g/day extra) to support maternal tissue synthesis and fetal growth

23
Q

FAT

Changes to nutritional requirements in pregnancy

A

1st trimester- 0 extra calories
2nd trimester- c. 340 cals
3rd trimester- c. 450 cals

24
Q

CARBOHYDRATE

Changes to nutritional requirements in pregnancy

A

No changed recommendation

25
Q

Involved in erythropoiesis (RBC production). Requirements increase in 1st and 2nd trimesters.
What vitamin is this?

A

B12

26
Q

Important in bone metabolism and blood coagulation.

What vitamin is this?

A

K

27
Q

An antioxidant, important in synthesis of collagen and neurotransmitters.
What vitamin is this?

A

C

28
Q

Requirements highest in 3rd trimester. Status of this is correlated with infant size.
What vitamin?

A

A

29
Q

Important in maintaining bone health and synthesised in skin. Dietary requirements depend on sunlight exposure. Deficiency in pregnancy associated with FGR.
What vitamin?

A

D

30
Q

Why might it be advised to take iron with orange juice?

A

Vit c enhances absorption of non-haem iron

31
Q

Why might you advise not to take iron with tea?

A

polyphenols inhibit non-haem absorption by binding to iron

Year 1- A&P (17 decks)

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