2.4. Nutrition in Pregnancy Flashcards
2 main types of carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides (complex)
2. Monosacchardies/disaccharides (simple)
3 examples of monosaccharides
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
3 examples of disaccharides
- sucrose
- lactose
- maltose
Major source of carbohydrate in diet
Starch- plant sources
Glycogen- animal liver and muscle
What is the glycaemic index (GI) ranking and how is it measured?
Calculated by comparing the effect of a food on blood glucose.
High GI: digested quickly, absorbed faster so blood glucose response fast.
Low GI: prolonged carb absoroption, attenuate insulin secretion.
What are the health benefits of a low GI diet?
reduced risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, lowered incidence of colorectal cancers.
What is dietary fibre?
Why is it important?
Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides.
Insoluble fibre promotes formation of bulkier and softer faecal stools. Soluble fibre slows absorption of glucose and reduces blood cholesterol levels. Forms a viscous gel with water, so protects against constipation.
How many types of amino acids make up proteins?
20 linked by peptide bonds
What are essential amino acids?
Give example
Cannot be synthesised from other amino acids and are therefore required in the diet.
eg. lysine, phenylalanine
What are conditionally essential amino acids?
Example
It is only considered essential under specific circumstances such as stress, trauma, injury and illness.
eg. arginine, tyrosine
What are non-essential amino acids?
Example
Synthesised by the body but are not used as food supplements but for energy sources.
eg. alanine, aspartic acid
What is a triglyceride?
One glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids
Saturate fat:
How many double bonds?
State at room temp
Health implication
- 0 bonds
- Solid
- Animal origin- increase in LDL cholesterol levels, heart disease
What are vitamins?
Organic substances which are essential nutrients.
Can’t be synthesised by body.
Required in small amounts for metabolism, growth and maintenance
Which vitamins are FAT-SOLUBLE?
A
K
D
E
Which vitamins are ANTIOXIDANTS?
A
E
What is the function of minerals?
Regulate body function and are essential to good health
LISTERIOSIS
- Cause
- Effects
- Sources
- Listeria bacteria
- Miscarriage, stillbirth, brain damage, preterm labour, maternal mortality
- Soil, soft cheese, pate, raw seafood, cold meats, poultry
SALMONELLOSIS
- Cause
- Effects
- Sources
- Salmonella enteric
- Maternal high fever, vomiting & diarrhoea, preterm labour, miscarriage
- raw meat, poultry & eggs, soft yolk
TOXOPLASMOSIS
- Cause
- Effects
- Sources
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Congenital mental retardation/blindness, neonatal convulsions, heamatological abnormalities, enlarged spleen/liver
CAMPYLOBACTER
- Cause
- Effect
- Sources
- Campylobacter jejuni and c.coli
- Preterm delivery, intrauterine death
- undercooked poultry, unpasteurised milk
PROTEIN
Changes in nutritional requirements during pregnancy
Increase (8-9g/day extra) to support maternal tissue synthesis and fetal growth
FAT
Changes to nutritional requirements in pregnancy
1st trimester- 0 extra calories
2nd trimester- c. 340 cals
3rd trimester- c. 450 cals
CARBOHYDRATE
Changes to nutritional requirements in pregnancy
No changed recommendation
Involved in erythropoiesis (RBC production). Requirements increase in 1st and 2nd trimesters.
What vitamin is this?
B12
Important in bone metabolism and blood coagulation.
What vitamin is this?
K
An antioxidant, important in synthesis of collagen and neurotransmitters.
What vitamin is this?
C
Requirements highest in 3rd trimester. Status of this is correlated with infant size.
What vitamin?
A
Important in maintaining bone health and synthesised in skin. Dietary requirements depend on sunlight exposure. Deficiency in pregnancy associated with FGR.
What vitamin?
D
Why might it be advised to take iron with orange juice?
Vit c enhances absorption of non-haem iron
Why might you advise not to take iron with tea?
polyphenols inhibit non-haem absorption by binding to iron
