2.7, 2.4&2.6, 2.9, 1.11&2.8 Flashcards
What do Project Management systems aim to do
Project management systems aim to ensure waste is reduced and all activities are efficient
What are the 3 project management techniques
SCRUM, Six Sigma, CPA(Critical Path Analysis)
What are the 2 features of SCRUM and its advantage
A method where teams work together to reach goals in a short timescale “sprints”
The team attends daily scrum updates where progress and possible issues are shared
The team can quickly respond to changing demand due to the regular nature of the meetings
What is Six Sigma and what procedures does it use
A set of techniques and tools for process improvement to minimise defects
The system uses the DMAIC(Define, measure, analyse, improve and control) procedure to assess and improve design stages
What is CPA (Critical Path Analysis)
A project management method used to plan the completion of a project in the shortest possible time through identification of wasted time and opportunities for parallel/simultaneous working practices.
What are the 4 steps for CPA(Critical Path Analysis)
Sequential ordering and estimated timing for each task
Identification of whether a task depends upon the completion of other tasks or is non-dependant
Appreciation of time required for sequential (‘one by one’) completion of stages
Determination of critical path (the longest timed route which is also the quickest time the project could realistically be completed in) by rearranging tasks to make best use of any slack time
List some forms investigation you have not used in your project
Looking at current trends or styles
Using British Standards
Investigating historical influences
Investigating the safe use of materials
Using internet forums to gain public opinions on the projects development
What are the 3 methods of Ideas generation
Mind maps can give a idea of what factors to consider during development of the project
SCAMPER is a way of developing ideas that includes (Substituting materials, Combining ideas, Adapting the design… )
Thinking hats are a way of improving creative discussion by making a group wear different hats with different colours that indicate different ways of thinking e.g facts and essentials, feeling and emotion …
When developing ideas in industry what is a good design practice
In industry, designers tend to work collaboratively within teams (designers, engineers, ergonomists, manufacturing specialists and project managers) to best utilise their expertise and skills. This is more commonplace when working on demanding and complex projects.
What are the 4 adv and 1 disadv of working collaboratively when designing
+ Cloud based files allow designers to work on the same project at different times remotely
+ Video conferencing allows real time face to face meetings remotely
+ Innovative solutions can be generated to address complex problems
+ Sharing of best practice
- Personal conflicts can occur and coordinating can be difficult due to remote working
Give a description of Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs have initiative, new ideas and are willing to take risks but they will also work with designers and engineers to turn their ideas into reality.
What are some methods of evaluating and testing products /7
Products are tested and evaluated to ensure that the product is safe, attractive and comply with the UCD
It is much more expensive and brand damaging to recall and repair products rather than removing faults of the product at the design stage which can be done by careful testing and evaluations of products
Certain products are subject to scrutiny by independent companies in order to reduce the likelihood of problems to comply with legislation and receive appropriate certification
The British Standards Institution (BSI) publishes a range of standards that are used in the design and manufacturing of products
The BSI kitemark indicates that a product has been certified with testing and are in compliance with standards
Independent market research organisations obtain objective information on competitors’ products, the current state of the market, retailing constraints and brand identity
Market research organisations use targeted questionnaires and focus groups in which members of the public, from appropriate demographic groups, are asked to express their views on existing and proposed products
What is the idea behind iterative and cyclical design
Feedback from clients and potential users is analysed prior to creating iterations of design proposals.
Feedback is again sought and analysed but this time maybe from focus groups and production staff.
What is accuracy and why is it important
The level of conformity of a measurement to the required value
To ensure that parts fit and function correctly
What is tolerance and why do the metal gears in a watch movement have very high or close tolerances?
The allowed upper and lower accuracy limits
As to make sure that the gears perfectly fit together
What are datum surfaces or edges and why work from datum surfaces or edges
Datum surfaces are ones that other measurements references are made from
To reduce cumulative error
Why do the wooden parts of a homemade rabbit hutch have relatively low or wide tolerances?
Because the rabbit hutch doesn’t have complicated or moving parts that need high precision
What are 6 methods for planning to make accurate prototypes
A clear PDS is required in order to give a clear list of the clients essential and desirable requirements
The development must allow the concept to be tested against
Ideas will be modelled as CAD to check systems
The manufacturing procedures must be evaluated for suitability to achieve a level of accuracy
The manufacturing requires a clear schedule of production with one off products being able to be checked at every stage of production
During production many QC checks must be carried out in order to ensure that the product meets the PDS
What are 2 methods for planning to make accurate products at various scales of production
During development a wide variety of techniques are used to ensure the product is accurate due to the cost of any errors during manufacturing e.g. CAD processes, working drawings with tolerances, sample prototypes, templates, jigs, fixtures, NDT & DT …
During manufacturing, accuracy is tested against a range of QC checks to compare the product to the PDS e.g. Visual Aesthetic checks, sample dimension checks, Tolerance dimension checks …
What are the 3 production aids
Jigs
Templates
Fixtures
What are Fixtures, Jigs and Templates
Fixtures – clamping devices used to hold the workpiece in place. For example a welding or machining fixture.
Jigs – devices used to hold the workpiece and guide the tool. For example a drilling jig.
Templates – a thin sheet of material which acts as a pattern to be traced.
What are the benefits of creating production aids (Fixtures, Jigs and Templates)
Save time measuring or marking out (jigs and templates).
Maintain accuracy and consistency
Reduce likelihood of human error occurring.
What are the importance of QA procedures and policies and some examples of them
QA is the procedures and policies to reduce waste and ensure products are within acceptable tolerances
Some QA policies include e.g. Only sourcing ISO 9001 Quality standard materials, Setting temperature ranges for moulds to ensure effective filling and cooling, Setting rigid maintenance schedules for machinery, …
Some QA procedures include e.g. CAD and CAE models, FEA, CFD, …
When must QA checks be carried out
QA checks must be carried out within the production process
What is a method of QA checks for glass bottles
The design of components can be modified as well such as numbers embossed on products to trace any issues back to the moulds or cavities
What are QC checks, when is it used and what are some examples of QC checks
QC refers to the monitoring, checking and testing of materials to ensure they comply to acceptable tolerances within the QA
QC checks take place during production and in conjunction with guidance documents to ensure the product meets the PDS
QC checks include e.g. Material checks, Visual inspection, Dimension checks, Finish checks, Chemical analysis …
What is the aim of TQM(Total quality management) and what 2 features help it achieve this
TQM is the ambition to remove waste and produce products on time
TQM involves customer focused improvement
TQM companies strive for continuous improvement and value the views of their workforce and encourage them to participate in teams where individuals can solve problems
What is CMM(Co-ordinate Measuring Machines) useful for and what is its adv and disadv
The use of CMM e.g. a probe scanner allows the manufacturer to check a range of predefined measurements on finished products due to the data automatically compared to a 3D CAD model and logged on a computer system
CMM can be used to check tooling for dimensional accuracy and update QA procedures
Very accurate but quite slow
What does Non contact laser scanning do and what can it be used to create
Non Contact laser scanning allows thousands of readings a second for a true comparison with a CAD model and can create new 3D CAD models from the scan itself due to reflections from a laser of the surface of the product
What is 2 adv of Non contact laser scanning and what 3 things can it be used to check
Accurate and less costly
Used to check prototypes, large surfaces and non rigid parts
What is NDT(Non destructive testing) and its 2 main methods
NDT refers to methods to check internal structures often after joining processes
The 2 main methods of NDT are Xray and Ultrasound analysis
What is the material subject to in NDT (Non destructive testing) and when it it essential
The material is subject to radiation or ultrasound to check refraction of signals to indicate any not visible faults
This form of testing is essential where a joint failure could be a major issue
What is sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising future generations abilities
What are the 3 ways to make sustainable use of resources
The use of finite resources must be stopped as it hinders future demand
Trees must be replanted to reduce risk of soil erosion, flash flooding and C02 entering the atmosphere
Many companies consider their CO2 levels(Carbon footprint) by both their Primary carbon footprint (Direct emissions e.g. transport, energy consumption) and Secondary carbon footprint (Indirect emissions from products we use )
What are the 3 adv and 4 disadv of sustainable energy sources
+ Is sustainable and will never run out
+ Requires less maintenance (Operational costs are lower)
+ Little or no waste e.g. CO2 or pollutants meaning minimal environmental impact
- Renewable energy is not reliable as it often relies on the weather for sources of power
- Large number of facilities
- Renewable energy is hard to store and is generally less practical
- Renewable energy is currently a lot more expensive than fossil fuels - Costs of developing new technologies
What are the six Rs of sustainable product design
Recycle
Reduce
Refuse
Rethink
Reuse
Repairs & Maintenance
What is “Recycling” and what are the 3 main ways in which it happens
Convert waste products into new materials for new products
End of life disposal is a key area for designers to consider and many manufacturers actively advertise the use of recycled waste in their products
Recycling happens in 3 main ways :
Primary recycling (The use of functioning second hand products)
Secondary recycling (At the end of a products life the materials are recycled to make different products)
Tertiary recycling (The complete breakdown of a product via a chemical process)
What is “Reduce” and what are 2 examples of how it can be implemented
Cut down on the amount of material and energy used to make and package the product
For example bottled water companies constantly strive to use as little polymer as possible while keeping integral strength
Reductions can reduce energy consumption by making it easier to reach blow moulding temperature
What is “Refuse”
Exercise consumer choice as to whether to buy a product or not
The consumer may choose to not buy a product if they consider the product to be bad for the environment or if it is a product they do not need
What is “Rethink”, what does it help with and what design features does it involve
Rethink the way products are designed and manufactured so that they carry out the same function more efficiently)
This could include making products more energy efficient in manufacturing and running costs
It also includes design aspect such as fittings and SMAs
What is “Repairs & Maintenance” and what problem does it adress
When a product or component fails fix it rather than throwing it away
Designers have a responsibilities to consider the use of resources and address the throw away culture
What is “Reuse”, What is required to make effective use of “Reuse” and Who needs to consider it
At the end of a products life reuse the product for the same or another purpose
Reusable products may need to be cleaned or reconditioned before they can be used
Designers need to consider the reuse potential of their product or product components which may influence decisions such as ease if disassembly when designing
What is “Upcycling” and what scale is it used at and what scale is becoming more viable
This is the creative reuse of unwanted products and materials resulting in outcomes with a higher quality or environmental worth than the original
This activity is often at a domestic level and creates items such as e.g. personalised designs using Scrabble letters, decorations from old jigsaw pieces, glass jars used as vases …
It is becoming increasingly viable to upcycle at a commercial scale such as re-using tons of unwanted tents at music festivals and converting them into showerproof clothing and accessories
Why is packaging important and why do designers need to consider their packaging
Packing is an important aspect of any product design. Without packaging some goods would not reach the consumer. Packaging can help prevent items getting lost, prolong shelf life of food products, protect and promote products and make products easier and safer to handle
Designers need to consider the optimum amount of packaging to protect the product and prevent waste
Factors such as making the packaging lightweight, using recycled content and making the packaging recyclable should be considered
For sustainable manufacturing what must designers consider, how should products be designed and an example of this
Designers must also consider energy use in manufacture and processing
Products should be designed so that there is minimal waste material and ideally the waste can be reused/recycled
Water-cooled machinery can use rainwater harvesting and recovery of waste water
What are product and food miles and what are ways of reducing them and emissions
Product miles are the total lifetime distance that a product travels from place of production to place of use (Linked to C02 emissions)
Food miles are often used in the food industry to try and push consumers to purchase locally sourced products
One way of reducing product miles and CO2 emissions is cutting out the middleman and shipping product from manufacturing directly to the consumer. This reduces the journeys and results in fewer emissions
Another way of reducing emissions is by avoiding the store of products in distribution centres which require energy and also additional product miles
What is the traditional economy?
What is a circular economy?
What methods should be considered for a circular economy?
What are the 2 nutrient types for a circular economy?
The traditional approach is for a linear economy (Take, make, dispose)
A circular economy aims to use materials that ensures a cycle of reuse and remanufacture without utilising wasteful resources or having products end up in landfills
Manufacturers can adopt several methods to support a circular economy such as (Product leasing, take-back and optimising their approach to the products lifecycle)
The circular economy considers 2 nutrient types for continual product disassembly and reuse, Biological nutrients (Organic materials that can simply be composted and safely disposed of) and Technical nutrients (Man Made materials designed to be used repeatedly at the same high quality and minimal energy)
What are the 4 circular economy principals
Preserve and enhance natural capital
(The control of finite resources and the use of processes that use renewable or more efficient resources)
Optimise resource yields
(Designing for refurbishment, effective disassembly, remanufacture, reuse and recycling with an aim to keep the highest quality and value in all resources so that there is a continuous cycle)
Foster systems effectiveness
(Considering, assessing and rethinking design to reduce negative impacts on factors that could directly affect population such as land use and the use of fossil fuels)
Retain a competitive economy with opportunities for growth
