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physical science > 27 > Flashcards

27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

weathering

A

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown

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2
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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3
Q

erosion

A

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transport

A

rocks weather, erosional agents like water,ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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5
Q

deposition

A

the erosion agent slows down or melts, it drops this sediment load

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6
Q

drainage basin

A

the land area that gathers water for a major river

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7
Q

longshore current

A

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

no

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

rock type and landscape

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10
Q

what are the two types of weathering?

A

mechanical and chemical

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11
Q

what type of change happens with the mechanical weathering?

A

physical changes

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12
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

chemical changes

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13
Q

what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

frost weathering, biological activity, collisions

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14
Q

what causes frost wedging?

A

when water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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15
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

freeze thaw cycle

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16
Q

what causes biological activity

A

plant and animal activity

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17
Q

what causes weathering during collision

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

what is parent materials

A

where soil forms from

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19
Q

what are soil horizons

A

the different layers of soil

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20
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

6

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21
Q

true or false

all soils contain every soil horizon

A
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22
Q

what are the specific soil hoorizons

A 
o
a
e
b
c
r
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23
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain

A

organic material

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24
Q

what is the second horizon mostly made up of

A

minerals

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25
Q

which layer does leaching occur

A

e

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26
Q

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons

A

horizon b

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27
Q

which layer is partially weathered bedrock?horizon c

A

horizon c

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28
Q

which layer is unweathered bedrock

A

r

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29
Q

which soil horizons make up the topsoil

A

o and a

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30
Q

which soil horizons make up the subsoil

A

e and b

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31
Q

what are the 2 types of chemical weathering

A

oxygen and water

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32
Q

what are chemical changes due to oxygen

A

oxidation

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33
Q

what are chemical changed due to water

A

hydrolysis

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34
Q

what is the difference between weathering and erosion

A

weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of materials

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35
Q

as the slope of a river decreases, the rivers speed decreases
true or false

A

true

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36
Q

what are small streams that flow into larger rivers

A

tributaries

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37
Q

what is the land area that gathers water for a major river

A

drainage basin

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38
Q

what is the boundary that separates distinct drainage basins

A

drainage divide

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39
Q

when water falls down due to gravity water erodes earths surface creating what

A

channels

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40
Q

young rivers create what shape due to fast movement

A

v shaped

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41
Q

what type of rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes

A

mature

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42
Q

when rivers flood and drop their sediment load what land form is created

A

flood plains

43
Q

what are the fan shaped sediment deposits that form at the mouth of a water

A

deltas

44
Q

what are the branching channels called from deltas

A

distributaries

45
Q

what forms when a river or stream enters into dry land

A

alluvial fans

46
Q

what are the two types of glaciers

A

valley glaciers and continental glaciers

47
Q

where do valley glaciers form

A

in high, mountainous regions

48
Q

where do continental glaciers form

A

large land areas in colder climates

49
Q

where are the two continental glaciers located

A

Greenland and Antarctica

50
Q

what are cirques

A

bowl shaped basins

51
Q

how do aretes form

A

form where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long sharp ridgeline

52
Q

what is a horn

A

sharpened peaks

53
Q

what shape of valleys do valley glaciers create

A

u shaped valleys

54
Q

what is a tributary glacier

A

small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers

55
Q

what type of valleys do tributary glaciers create

A

hanging valleys

56
Q

on which side of a dune does erosion occur

A

windward

57
Q

which side does deposition occur

A

leeward side

58
Q

what is deflation

A

the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind

59
Q

what is it called when small particles are removed

A

desert pavement

60
Q

what does the shape and sizes of landforms due to wind depend on

A

wind speed
amount of time the wind blows
sediment supply

61
Q

what are some landforms created by wave erosion

A

coastal cliffs
sea arches
sea stacks

62
Q

what are 2 examples of wave deposition

A

sand bars

sand spits

63
Q

what is a sand bar

A

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

64
Q

what is a sand spits

A

sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape

65
Q

what can cause mass wasting

A

snow
heavy rain
earthquakes
human activity

66
Q

what are some examples of mass wasting

A

rock slides
mudflows
landslides

67
Q

infiltration

A

the process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

68
Q

watertable

A

the upper boundary of the standard zone

69
Q

aquifer

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

70
Q

porosity

A

the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore spae

71
Q

absolute dating

A

the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, object, or event

72
Q

relative dating

A

the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

73
Q

uniformitarianism

A

states the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past

74
Q

principle of superposition

A

states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom

75
Q

unconformity

A

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured or deposition was absent

76
Q

fossil

A

the remains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock

77
Q

What percentage of water on earth is salt water

A

97%

78
Q

What percentage of water on earth is freshwater

A

3%

79
Q

where is the majority of freshwater found

A

glaciers

80
Q

where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found

A

lakes,rivers, and stored as ground water

81
Q

what is precipitation

A

when water vapor in the air cools and condenses

rain
snow
sleet
hail

82
Q

what is runoff

A

water running off the land surface

83
Q

what is infiltration

A

process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

84
Q

what is transpiration

A

when plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

85
Q

what is evaporation

A

when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

86
Q

what is condensation

A

when water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets
clouds

87
Q

what is the water cycle

A 
precipitation
runoff
infilitration
transpiration
evaporation
condensation
88
Q

what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage

A

a porous area where water easily passes through

89
Q

what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage

A

beneath the unsaturated zone where water completly fills the pore space

90
Q

what is a water table

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

91
Q

what does it mean if sediment is permeable

A

the easier water is able to pass

92
Q

what is an aquifer

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

93
Q

what is the name of the great plains aquifer

A

Ogallala Aquifer

94
Q

how many states does the great plains aquifer run through

A

8

95
Q

what are the names of the states that the great plains aquifer runs through

A

south Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, new Mexico, Texas

96
Q

what is an aquitard

A

keep water confined

97
Q

how are water springs formed

A

where the water table naturally meets earths surface

98
Q

what is an artesian well

A

wells drilled into pressurized aquifers

99
Q

what is a cone of depression

A

the direction that the water flows towards the well

100
Q

What are geologic epochs, periods, and eras?

A
101
Q

What are the characteristics of the main geologic eras?

A
102
Q

Which geologic laws are used to determine relative age?

A
103
Q

What methods are used to determine absolute age?

A

physical science (7 decks)

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