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27 Flashcards

1
Q

weathering

A

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown

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2
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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3
Q

erosion

A

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transport

A

rocks weather, erosional agents like water,ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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5
Q

deposition

A

the erosion agent slows down or melts, it drops this sediment load

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6
Q

drainage basin

A

the land area that gathers water for a major river

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7
Q

longshore current

A

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

no

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

rock type and landscape

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10
Q

what are the two types of weathering?

A

mechanical and chemical

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11
Q

what type of change happens with the mechanical weathering?

A

physical changes

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12
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

chemical changes

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13
Q

what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

frost weathering, biological activity, collisions

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14
Q

what causes frost wedging?

A

when water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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15
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

freeze thaw cycle

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16
Q

what causes biological activity

A

plant and animal activity

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17
Q

what causes weathering during collision

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

what is parent materials

A

where soil forms from

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19
Q

what are soil horizons

A

the different layers of soil

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20
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

6

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21
Q

true or false

all soils contain every soil horizon

A
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22
Q

what are the specific soil hoorizons

A 
o
a
e
b
c
r
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23
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain

A

organic material

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24
Q

what is the second horizon mostly made up of

A

minerals

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25
which layer does leaching occur
e
26
which horizon collects materials from previous horizons
horizon b
27
which layer is partially weathered bedrock?horizon c
horizon c
28
which layer is unweathered bedrock
r
29
which soil horizons make up the topsoil
o and a
30
which soil horizons make up the subsoil
e and b
31
what are the 2 types of chemical weathering
oxygen and water
32
what are chemical changes due to oxygen
oxidation
33
what are chemical changed due to water
hydrolysis
34
what is the difference between weathering and erosion
weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of materials
35
as the slope of a river decreases, the rivers speed decreases true or false
true
36
what are small streams that flow into larger rivers
tributaries
37
what is the land area that gathers water for a major river
drainage basin
38
what is the boundary that separates distinct drainage basins
drainage divide
39
when water falls down due to gravity water erodes earths surface creating what
channels
40
young rivers create what shape due to fast movement
v shaped
41
what type of rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes
mature
42
when rivers flood and drop their sediment load what land form is created
flood plains
43
what are the fan shaped sediment deposits that form at the mouth of a water
deltas
44
what are the branching channels called from deltas
distributaries
45
what forms when a river or stream enters into dry land
alluvial fans
46
what are the two types of glaciers
valley glaciers and continental glaciers
47
where do valley glaciers form
in high, mountainous regions
48
where do continental glaciers form
large land areas in colder climates
49
where are the two continental glaciers located
Greenland and Antarctica
50
what are cirques
bowl shaped basins
51
how do aretes form
form where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long sharp ridgeline
52
what is a horn
sharpened peaks
53
what shape of valleys do valley glaciers create
u shaped valleys
54
what is a tributary glacier
small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers
55
what type of valleys do tributary glaciers create
hanging valleys
56
on which side of a dune does erosion occur
windward
57
which side does deposition occur
leeward side
58
what is deflation
the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
59
what is it called when small particles are removed
desert pavement
60
what does the shape and sizes of landforms due to wind depend on
wind speed amount of time the wind blows sediment supply
61
what are some landforms created by wave erosion
coastal cliffs sea arches sea stacks
62
what are 2 examples of wave deposition
sand bars | sand spits
63
what is a sand bar
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
64
what is a sand spits
sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape
65
what can cause mass wasting
snow heavy rain earthquakes human activity
66
what are some examples of mass wasting
rock slides mudflows landslides
67
infiltration
the process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
68
watertable
the upper boundary of the standard zone
69
aquifer
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
70
porosity
the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore spae
71
absolute dating
the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, object, or event
72
relative dating
the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
73
uniformitarianism
states the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past
74
principle of superposition
states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom
75
unconformity
gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured or deposition was absent
76
fossil
the remains or traces of organisms found in the geological rock
77
What percentage of water on earth is salt water
97%
78
What percentage of water on earth is freshwater
3%
79
where is the majority of freshwater found
glaciers
80
where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found
lakes,rivers, and stored as ground water
81
what is precipitation
when water vapor in the air cools and condenses rain snow sleet hail
82
what is runoff
water running off the land surface
83
what is infiltration
process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
84
what is transpiration
when plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
85
what is evaporation
when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
86
what is condensation
when water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets clouds
87
what is the water cycle
``` precipitation runoff infilitration transpiration evaporation condensation ```
88
what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage
a porous area where water easily passes through
89
what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage
beneath the unsaturated zone where water completly fills the pore space
90
what is a water table
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
91
what does it mean if sediment is permeable
the easier water is able to pass
92
what is an aquifer
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
93
what is the name of the great plains aquifer
Ogallala Aquifer
94
how many states does the great plains aquifer run through
8
95
what are the names of the states that the great plains aquifer runs through
south Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, new Mexico, Texas
96
what is an aquitard
keep water confined
97
how are water springs formed
where the water table naturally meets earths surface
98
what is an artesian well
wells drilled into pressurized aquifers
99
what is a cone of depression
the direction that the water flows towards the well
100
What are geologic epochs, periods, and eras?
101
What are the characteristics of the main geologic eras?
102
Which geologic laws are used to determine relative age?
103
What methods are used to determine absolute age?

physical science (7 decks)

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