27/03

Question 1

7 steps of thyroid hormone synthesis

Answer 1

SOO-3Ps (Sow Three Peas)

S : Sodium Iodide Symporter
iodide from cap into follicular cells

O : Oxidation
iodide to iodine (TPO, oxidation) –> moves out into colloid by PENDRIN transporter
thyroglob synthesised in RER

O : Organification
TPO facs iodination of thyroglob –> MIT and DIT

3 : Esterification
TPO facs MIT and DIT –> T3 and T4

P : Pinocytosis
follicular cells ingest colloid (T3/4) in and then fuse with lysosomes

P : Proteases
hydrolyse and protease –> Free T3/4

P : Peripheral deiodination
diffuse through cap memb and T4-> T3(active form)

Question 2

Robertsonian translocation

Answer 2

13, 14, 15, 21, 22

13/14 MC
14/21 next

Question 3

LA Percentage mass:

Answer 3

1% solution = 10mg of drug in 1ml
2% solution = 20mg of drug in 1ml
3% solution = 30mg of drug in 1 ml

Question 4

LA max doses

Answer 4

Lidocaine: 3mg/ 7mg
Mepivicine 4.5mg/kg

Question 5

Treatment of bradycardia

Answer 5

Atropine 500mg IV/IM, can repeat every 3-5 mins up to 3mg

Question 6

Treatment of anaphylaxis

Answer 6

Adrenaline 1:1000, 500mcg (0.5ml) IM, can repeat after 5 mins

Question 7

Double vas deferen

Answer 7

The vas deferens and ureter both originate from the mesonephric duct during embryological development.

If the ureteric bud fails to separate from the mesonephric duct, an ectopic ureter can connect to the vas deferens instead of the bladder.
» This anomaly was mistakenly called double vas deferens and is linked to ipsilateral renal hypoplasia or agenesis.

It differs from true duplication of the vas deferens, where two vas deferens exist in the spermatic cord due to duplication or division of the mesonephric duct during development.

Question 8

processus vaginalis

Answer 8

peritoneal outpouching that follows the descent of the testes from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development

proximal portion of the processus vaginalis obliterates, while the distal portion, around the testes, remains patent and forms the tunica vaginalis

If it doesnt obliterate
» indirect inguinal hernias,&raquo_space; communicating hydroceles

Question 9

Hypospadias

Answer 9

urethral meatus (the opening of the urethra) is abnormally displaced to the ventral side (underside) of the penis, towards the scrotum. This might be further towards the bottom of the glans (in 90% of cases), halfway down the shaft or even at the base of the shaft.

Question 10

Epispadias

Answer 10

where the meatus is displaced to the dorsal side (top side) of the penis. Usually, the foreskin is abnormally formed to match the position of the meatus.

Question 11

chordee

Answer 11

where the head of the penis bends downwards.

Question 12

cryptorchidism

Answer 12

Right > left
Bilateral in 25%

Bilateral UDT a/w:
Neural tube defects
Prune-belly syndrome
Androgen insensitivity
Karyotype abnormalities

Question 13

HPV vaccine G-9

Answer 13

6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58

Children aged aged 11 to 14 years

those who did not receive vaccine at 11-14 yr, eligible if :
females aged under 25 years
male and born after 1st September 2006

GBMSM <45 yrs

unless immunosuppressed or HIV
1 dose for <25 years
2 dose for 25 - 45 years(0 and 6–24mo)

immunosuppressed/HIV
3 dose (0, 1, 3 mo)

Question 14

hazard ratio

Question 15

CRL when see a definite FH

Question 16

Sayana press metabolism

Question 17

antidepressants and breastfeeding

Question 18

funnel plot purpose

Answer 18

• detect the presence of publication bias

Question 19

HPV oncogene

Answer 19

pRB

Question 20

Truvada interaction with contraception

Question 21

BV treatment

Question 22

Length of time after gastric surgery to get pregnant

Question 23

M Gen. – intracellular self replicating

Question 24

main post menopause oestrogen

Question 25

Inhibin B levels menopause

Question 26

AIS – paramesonephric duct development