26 Pathology: Trauma and Hydrocephalus Flashcards
1
Q
Trauma
- Axons
- What is the name of subtle yet widespread injury to axons?
- What can cause injury to axons, even if no impact on the head occurs?
- How does this injury relate to coma patients?
A

2
Q
Epidural Hematomas
- Although these can expand rapidly, they can still take several hours after a traumticafest to produce neurological symptoms. Why?
A

3
Q
Subdural Hematoma
- What do these hematomas look like?
- Do they extend into the depths of the sulci or do they lie on the surface of the brain?
- What happens to brain tissue under the hematoma?
A

4
Q
Epidural Hematoma
- What artery is especially vulnerable to this type of injury?
- Ages
- What is the difference between infants vs Adults/children in how this injury occur?
A

5
Q
Hydrocephalus
- Infants
- What happens if hydrocephalus develops before the cranial sutures close?
- Name 4 potential lesion sites for obstrucutruve hydrocephalus
A

6
Q
Herniation
- Tonsillar Herniation
- What occurs in this herniation?
- What is the reason this herniation is often fatal?
A

7
Q
Subdural Hematoma
- How are subdural organized, relative to 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks?
- How do you treat them?
A

8
Q
Hydrocephalus
- Communicating hydrocephalus
- Does the entire ventricle system enlarge?
- What is it usually due to?
A

9
Q
Trauma
- What shape do contusions have?
- Where is the widest aspect?
A

10
Q
Trauma
- What is the difference between a coup and contrecoup injury?
- These are classified as contusions.
- What parts of the brain are more susceptible to contusions?
A

11
Q
Herniation
- Transtentorial (uncinate) Herniation
- What occurs in this herniation?
- What nerve can be compressed?
- How does this manifest?
- What artery can be compressed?
- What part of the brain can have an ischemic injury because of this?
- If this herniations progresses to compress the midbrain
- What peduncle will compresses?
- How does this manifest, and what is the name of this deformation?
- What happens to consciousness?
A

12
Q
Hydrocephalus
- What is the definition of CSF?
- What are 2 things is hydrocephalus usually a consequence of?
A

13
Q
Hydrocephalus
- If the cranial sutures are fused, what can hydrocephalus cause besides increased ventricular expansion?
- What will it not cause a change in?
A

14
Q
Trauma
- What is CTE?
- What is characterized by?
A

15
Q
Herniation
- What is the definition of brain herniation?
- What is this usually the result of?
- What divides the intra-cranial compartment?
- If a herniation leads to a compromised blood supply, what 3 main things can occur?
A

16
Q
Hydrocephalus
- What produces CSF?
- What 2 foramina does it flow through in order to get into the subarachnoid space?
- Hint: What is A and what is B?
- What absorbs CSF?
- What regulates the CSF volume?

A

17
Q
Subdural Hematoma
- When do symptoms manifest after the injury?
- Where are they most common?
- Why do people get neurological symptoms?
- What kind of symptoms do they have?
A

18
Q
Subdural Hematoma
- What is the structure that can tear from rapid movement, causing a subdural hematoma?
- Where does blood go?
- Why does blood appear to be between the dura and arachnoid, rather than between the twp laters of the dura?
A

19
Q
Herniation
- What are the 3 types of brain herniations?
- Which is the most caudal and which is most rostral?
A

20
Q
Hydrocephalus
- Noncommunicating hydrocephalus
- Do all the ventricles enlarge or just one?
- What is the most common cause of this (2)? Hint: Say where in the brain…
A

21
Q
Herniation
- Transtentorial (uncinate) Herniation
- What kind of hemorrhage is associated with this herniation?
- `What is thought to be the reason this hemorrhage occurs?
- What kind of hemorrhage is associated with this herniation?
A

22
Q
Trauma
- Old TBIs
- What do they look like
- What part of the gyri do they involve?
- What can be seen inside the macrophages around them
- What other cells are often around these lesions?
A

23
Q
Subdural Hematomas
- Why do older adults have a high rate of subdural hematomas?
- Why do infants have a high rate of subdural hematomas?
A

24
Q
Hydrocephalus
- If a brain disease causes loss of brain volume like neurodegeneration, what can occur?
- Is the answer to the above question of really any clinical cognizance?
A

25
Q
Trauma
- When does morphological evidence of an injury usually occur?
- Name 3 types of evidence of this?
A

26
Q
Herniation
- Subfalcine (cingulate) herniation
- What happens to in this herniation?
- Can it be unilateral or bilateral?
- What artery can be compressed by this?
A
