19 Molecular Biology: Basis of Neural communications

Question 1

Neurotransmitters Overview

• What are the classical NTs?
• What are the only small molecule NTs that are not classical NTs?

Answer 1

Question 2

NT Overview

• What NTS belong to the amine group?
  
  • Catecholamine subgroup?

Answer 2

Question 3

NT Overview

• What NT group do these belong to?
• What group does substance P belong to?

Answer 3

Question 4

BBB

• How do these substances get across the BBB?

Answer 4

Simple diffusion

Question 5

BBB

• What are the 5 groups of molecules that use facilitated diffusion to cross the BBB?

Answer 5

Question 6

BBB

• What groups of molecules require receptor-mediated transcytosis to cross the BBB?

Answer 6

Question 7

Neurotransmission

• What are the 5 steps of chemical Neurotransmission?

Answer 7

Question 8

Acetylcholine

• How is this synthesized?
• How is it terminated?
• Where does it act and on what kind of receptors?

Answer 8

Question 9

Acetylcholinesterase

• Where is this secreted into so that it can degrade ACh?
• Inhibition
  
  • What biological weapons are associated with this?
  • What snake is associated with this?
  • Why would you give someone Donepezil, an Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor?

Answer 9

Question 10

NTs: Amino Acids

• What are the exciting AA’s?
• What are the inhibitory AA’s?
• Do they cross the BBB?
• What cells are they made in, and how?
• What cells are they terminated in?

Answer 10

Question 11

Amino Acid NTs

• Transamination
  
  • What coenzyme is required, and what vitamin does it come from?
  • What can oxaloacetate be transaminated into?
  • What can alpha-ketoglutarate be transaminated into?
• Glycine
  
  • What molecule can this be made from, and what vitamin is required?

Answer 11

Question 12

Amino Acid NTs

• For aspartate and glutamate
  
  • Give the 2 locations that they are made/used
  • Give the general functions for them
  • Give the 3 general clinical correlations for them

Answer 12

Question 13

Amino Acid NTs

• For GABA
  
  • Give the locations that it is made/used
  • Give the general function for it
  • Give the 2 general clinical correlations for it
    
    • What is valproic acid?

Answer 13

Question 14

Amino Acid NTs

• For GABA
  
  • Give the 3 locations that it is made/used
  • Give the general function for it
    
    • What channels does it open?
  • Give the clinical correlation for it. Hint: neonates

Answer 14

Question 15

Catecholamines

• How are these terminated?
• Where can norepinephrine be produced?

Answer 15

Question 16

Catecholamines

• What is their precursor?
• In what order are they made?
• What cofactors are needed (4)?
  
  • In what order are they used?
• What is the rate-limiting step?

Answer 16

Question 17

Catecholamines

• What are the 3 areas that these are terminated?
  
  • What enzymes are in each area?
• Where are they entered into?
  
  • What is VMA associated with?
  • What is HVA associated with?

Answer 17

Question 18

Serotonin

• What is the precursor?
• What are the coenzymes used?
• What does SERT do?
• What enzyme degrades this?
• What are the CNS, PNS, and pineal gland implications for this?

Answer 18

Question 19

Histamine

• What is the precursor?
• What enzyme is required?
• What are the CNS and periphery implications?
• Can it cross the BBB?
• What degrades it?

Answer 19

Question 20

Neuropeptides

• What are the 2 classes for these?
• What are their CNS implications?
• Where are they made?
• Where are they altered and processed?
  
  • What allows different types of peptides?
• What terminates them in the CNS?

Answer 20

Question 21

Nitric Oxide

• What is the precursor?
• What enzyme synthesizes it?
  
  • is the isotype type we are focusing on calcium depended?
• Where is it stored and how is it released?
• What is the main function for it in the CNS?

Answer 21