2.6 Memory | Retrieval Failure Flashcards
What is retrieval failure?
A form of forgetting. It occurs when we don’t have the necessary cues to access memory. The memory is available but not accessible until a suitable cue is provided
What is a cue?
A ‘trigger’ of information that allows us to access a memory.
Give some details about cues.
They may be meaningful or indirectly linked by being coded at the time of learning.
Indirect cues can be external and internal.
Who formed the encoding specificity principle?
Tulving
What is the encoding specificity principle?
A cue has to be both present at the time of learning (encoding) and at the time of retrieval if it is to be useful
What is an example of a meaningful cue?
Mnemonic techniques
STM as a cue and you recall as much as you can about STM
What are the types of indirect/non-meaningful cues?
State-dependent forgetting
Context-dependent forgetting
What is the difference in state-dependent forgetting and
context-dependent forgetting?
CDF depends on external cues such as weather and location
SDF depends on internal cues such as mood and drunkenness
Who did research on context dependent forgetting?
Godden and Baddeley
What was the procedure for their study?
Studied deep-sea divers to see if training on land helped or hindered their work underwater
They learned a list of words and were asked to recall
Findings of their study.
Recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions due to different external cues
Who did research on state dependent forgetting?
Carter and Cassaday
What was the procedure for their study - CC?
Gave antihistamines which resulted in low arousal state different from normal therefore drowsy
Need to learn words or phrases of prose
