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Microbiology Test 2 > 26/27 Viral Respiratory Tract infections > Flashcards

26/27 Viral Respiratory Tract infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

most URT caused by baceteria or viruses

A

viruses

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2
Q
  • rhinitis (inflammation of nasal mucosa)
  • pharyngitis (sore throat)
  • No high fever, LRT involvement or respiratory distress
A

common cold

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3
Q

what are the complications of the common cold?

A
  • otitis media
  • sinus infections
  • exacerbation of asthma
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4
Q

what is the most common cause of cold? second most?

A
  1. rhinovirus

2. coronavirus

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5
Q

describe rhinoviruses

A
  • picornavirus family
  • non-enveloped
  • +ssRNA genome
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6
Q

how are rhinoviruses spread?

A

respiratory secretions

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7
Q

treating rhinoviruses?

A

conservatively

-no vaccine or prescription

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8
Q

describe coronaviruses

A
  • enveloped

- +ssRNA genome

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9
Q

treating coronaviruses?

A

conservatively

-no vaccine or prescription

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10
Q

describe adenoviruses?

A
  • non-enveloped
  • dsDNA genome
  • icosahedral capsid
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11
Q

only common cold virus with a DNA genome?

A

adenovirus

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12
Q

which adneovirus serotypes cause URT disease/ common cold?

A

1, 2, and 5

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13
Q

no seasonal pattern to this common cold

A

adenovirus - ppl can shed the virus for up to 18 m.

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14
Q

which adenovirus serotypes cause GI disease?

A

40 and 41

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15
Q

what other illnesses are associated with adneoviruses besides common cold?

A
  • conjunctivits
  • pharyngitis
  • fever
  • croup
  • bronchiolitis
  • pneumonia
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16
Q

adenovirus treatment?

A

live oral vaccine to serotypes 4 and 7 only for military recruits

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17
Q

describe coxsackievirus

A
  • enterovirus (subfam of picornavirus)
  • nonenveloped
  • +ssRNA genome
  • able to survive GI tract
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18
Q

transmission of coxsackievirus

A
  • transmitted through the fecal oral route
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19
Q

coxsackievirus treatment

A

no vaccine available

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20
Q

herpangina caused by…

A
  • caused by coxsackievirus
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21
Q

abrupt onset of fever

small vesicles on the soft palate which form small white ulcers

A

herpangina caused by coxsackievirus

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22
Q

hand-foot-mouth disease caused by

A

coxsackievirus

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23
Q
  • fever

- vesicular lesions on the palms of hand and soles of feet and on oral areas

A

hand foot and mouth disease

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24
Q

which influenza viruses are associated with the common cold

A

influenza viruses B and C

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25
Q

common cold viruses (7)

A
  • rhinovirus
  • coronavirus
  • adenovirus
  • coxsackievirus
  • influenza B and C
  • RSV
  • parainfluenza virus
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26
Q

what is croup?

A

laryngotracheobronchitis

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27
Q
  • brassy “seal’s bark” cough
  • inspiratory stridor
  • “steeple’s sign” narrowing of air shadow in trachea
A

croup

28
Q

complication of croup

A

hypoxia

29
Q

treatment of croup with stridor at rest

A

oxygen
epinephrine
glucocorticoids

30
Q

treatment of croup without stridor at rest

A

humidified air

hydration

31
Q

etiology of croup

A

parainfluenza virus

- most often type 1

32
Q

what other viruses may cause croup besides parainfluenza?

A

RSV

measles virus

33
Q

describe the parainfluenza virus

A
  • -ssRNA genome
  • helical nucleocapisd
  • contains hemagglutinin adn neuraminidase
  • paramyxovirus family
34
Q
  • myalgia
  • headache
  • fever
  • shaking chills
  • cough peaking 3-5 days
  • weakness lasting weeks
A

influenza

35
Q

peaks during the winter months

A

influenza

36
Q

groups at risk for complications due to influenza

A
  • younger than 2
  • over 65
  • pregnant and up to 2 wks postpartum
  • certain medical conditions: asthma, diabetes, etc…
37
Q

define pneumonia

A

inflammation of lung parenchyma leading to abnornal gas exchange

38
Q

fever, chills, cough, chest pain, increased respiratory rate, wheezes and crackles

A

pneumonia

shows up as opacity on chest xray

39
Q

primary influenza virus pneumonia etiology

A

influenza A

40
Q

pneumonia 1-4 days following flu symptoms/ chest radiograph bilateral, midlung, lower lung infiltration

A

primary influenza virus pneumonia

41
Q

biphasic (flu then return of symptoms later), gram stain may contain bacteria

A

bacterial influenza-associtated pneumonia

42
Q

etiology of bacterial influenza-associated pneumonia

A
  1. s. pneumoniae
  2. s. aureus and h. influenzae
    others: n. meningitidis, other streptococcus, and gram negative bacillus
43
Q

describe the influenza virus

A
  • orthomyxovirus
  • segmented, ssRNA virus genome
  • enveloped with hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)
44
Q

hemagglutinin (H)

A
  • used for attachment protein

- agglutinates RBC

45
Q

neuraminidase (N)

A
  • cleaves sialic acid

- virion release and spread

46
Q

small changes in H and N

A

antigenic drift

- driven by point mutations made by PCR during replication

47
Q

large changes in H and N

A

antigenic shift

- driven by reassortment of two viruses

48
Q

co-infection of the same cell and risk for pandemics

A

antigenic shift

49
Q

classic method of production of vaccines..

A

production in embryonated chicken eggs

50
Q

advantages of novel method of vaccine production

A
  1. rapid scale up of vaccine production

2. reduced likelihood of egg protein carryover

51
Q

advantages of baculovirus expression vector system production

A
  1. rapid scale up of vaccine production

2. egg-free system

52
Q

what is chemoprophylaxis?

A

daily dose of anti-viral for duration of flu season in the community

53
Q

describe the SARS coronavirus

A
  • enveloped
  • +ssRNA genome
  • more resistant to environmental conditions than non-SARS coronavirus
54
Q
  1. fever, malaise, and myalgia
  2. dry cough and shortness of breath
  3. severe: adult respiratory distress syndrome and death
A

SARS coronavirus

55
Q

transmission of SARS coronavirus

A

fecal-oral, close contact and aerosal routes

56
Q

expiratory wheezing/ nasal flaring/ air trapping/ subcostal retractions/ variable fever

A

bronchiolitis

57
Q

most common cause of bronchiollitis and pneumonia in children less than 1 year old

A

RSV

58
Q

describe RSV

A
  • paramyxovirus family
  • enveloped
  • -ssRNA genome
  • highly infectious
59
Q

nearly all children have been infected by age 4

A

RSV

60
Q

aerosilized ribavirin treatment

A

for severe LRT RSV infections

61
Q

mechanism of aerosolized ribavirin treatment for bronchiolitis

A

inhbits nucleotide biosynthesis and mRNA capping and promotes hypermutation of the genome

62
Q

Indications fro passive RSV immunoprophylaxis

A
  • birth less than 32 weeks gestation

- age less than 2 years and therapy for chronic lung disease within 5 months preveding RSV season

63
Q

what are the agents for RSV passive immunoprophylaxis

A
  • palivizumab

- RSIG

64
Q

palivizumab

A

chimeric humanmouse monoclonal anti-RSV antibody

65
Q

RSIG

A

pooled human immunogobin enriched for antiRSV antibodies

Microbiology Test 2 (12 decks)

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