25.2 The Mouth through Esophagus Flashcards
oral fissure
the mouth’s anterior opening between the lips
fauces
the mouth’s posterior opening into the throat
labial frenulum
a median fold that attaches each lip to the gums
vestibule
the space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth
bolus
a soft mass of chewed food that is easy to swallow
body of the tongue
anterior two-thirds of the tongue
root of the tongue
posterior one-third of the tongue
cutaneous area of the lips
has hair follicles and sebaceous glands; where a mustache grows
red area (vermilion) of the lips
hairless region; where lipstick is applied
labial mucosa
inner surface of the lip, facing the gums and teeth
labial glands
glands in the labial mucosa that contribute to saliva production
bolus
small mass of chewed food that is easy to swallow
lingual papillae
bumps and projections on the tongue that are the site of most taste buds
body of the tongue
anterior two-thirds of the tongue; occupies the oral cavity
root of the tongue
posterior one-third of the tongue; occupies the oropharynx
vallate papillae
bumps and projections marking the boundary between the body and root of the tongue
intrinsic muscles
muscles contained entirely within the tongue, used for speech
extrinsic muscles
muscles arising from attachments outside the tongue, used for food manipulation; genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, styloglossus
lingual glands
serous and mucous glands in the tongue that secrete a portion of the saliva
lingual tonsils
tonsils contained in the root of the tongue
palate
separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity, making it possible to breathe while chewing food
hard (bony) palate
anterior portion of the palate, supported by the palatine processes of the maxillae and by the smaller palatine bones
soft palate
posterior portion of the palate, composed mainly of skeletal muscle and glandular tissue
uvula
conical medial projection at the rear of the mouth that helps retain food in the mouth until one is ready to swallow
palatoglossal arch
anterior muscular arch at the rear of the mouth
palatopharyngeal arch
posterior muscular arch at the rear of the mouth; marks the beginning of the pharynx
dentition
the teeth
incisors
anterior, chisel-like cutting teeth
canines
pointed teeth for puncturing and shredding
premolars and molars
teeth with broad, lumpy surfaces for crushing, shredding, and grinding
alveolus
a tooth socket
gomphosis
a joint between tooth and bone
periodontal ligament
a modified periosteum lining the alveolus whose collagen fibers penetrate into the bone on one side and into the tooth on the other; innervated by proprioceptive nerve fibers
gingiva
the gum, which covers the alveolar bone
crown
the portion of the tooth that rises above the gum attachment
root
the portion of the tooth below the gum
neck
the point where the crown, root, and gum meet
gingival sulcus
the space between the tooth and gum
plaque
a sticky residue on the teeth formed by bacteria and sugars
dental caries
eroded cavities of the tooth
calculus (tartar)
calcified plaque
gingivitis
gum inflammation
periodontal disease
dissolution of the alveolar bone caused by the spread of bacteria from the gingival sulcus into the alveolar bone
dentin
hard, yellowish tissue composing most of the tooth
enamel
secretion that covers the crown of the tooth
cement
living tissue in the root of the tooth
cementocytes
cells of the cement
odontoblasts
cells of the dentin
pulp cavity
space in the crown occupied by pulp
root canal
space in the lower root occupied by pulp
pulp
a mass of loose connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves
apical foramen
a pore at the basal end of each root canal through which nerves and blood and lymphatic vessels enter the tooth
occlusion
meeting of the teeth when the mouth closes
occlusal surfaces
surfaces where the teeth meet when the mouth closes
cusps
rounded bumps on the occlusal surfaces of premolars and molars
mastication
chewing
saliva
a hypotonic solution of mucus, electrolytes, lysozome, immunoglobulin A, salivary amylase, and lingual lipase
lysozome
an enzyme that kills bacteria
immunoglobulin A (IgA)
an antibacterial antibody
salivary amylase
an enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth
lingual lipase
an enzyme that begins fat digestion in the mouth
intrinsic (minor) salivary glands
lingual, labial, palatine, and buccal glands; secrete small amount of saliva at relatively constant rate
extrinsic (major) salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands; compound tubuloacinar glands; secrete saliva in response to food in the mouth
salivatory nuclei
nuclei in the brainstem that control salivation and from which parasympathetic nerve fibers originate; respond to feel, flavor, aroma, sight, and thought of food
pharynx
a muscular funnel that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus and the nasal cavity to the larynx
pharyngeal constrictors
divisions of the circular skeletal muscle that force food downward during swallowing
upper esophageal sphincter
inferior pharyngeal constrictor, which remains contracted when food is not being swallowed in order to exclude air from the esophagus; physiological, not anatomical, sphincter
esophagus
a straight muscular tube from C7 to T7
cardial orifice
opening of the esophagus into the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
a constriction that causes food to pause at the cardial orifice before entering the stomach
esophageal glands
glands that secrete lubricating mucus into the lumen of the esophagus
deglutition
swallowing; involves 22 muscles
swallowing center
a pair of nuclei in the medulla oblongata that coordinate swallowing
oral phase of swallowing
voluntary, forms a bolus to swallow
pharyngeal phase of swallowing
involutary, prevent choking and drives bolus downward into the esophagus
esophageal phase of swallowing
a wave of peristalsis, controlled by the swallowing center and myenteric plexus
