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Physiology > 25.2 The Mouth through Esophagus > Flashcards

25.2 The Mouth through Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

oral fissure

A

the mouth’s anterior opening between the lips

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2
Q

fauces

A

the mouth’s posterior opening into the throat

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3
Q

labial frenulum

A

a median fold that attaches each lip to the gums

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4
Q

vestibule

A

the space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth

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5
Q

bolus

A

a soft mass of chewed food that is easy to swallow

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6
Q

body of the tongue

A

anterior two-thirds of the tongue

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7
Q

root of the tongue

A

posterior one-third of the tongue

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8
Q

cutaneous area of the lips

A

has hair follicles and sebaceous glands; where a mustache grows

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9
Q

red area (vermilion) of the lips

A

hairless region; where lipstick is applied

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10
Q

labial mucosa

A

inner surface of the lip, facing the gums and teeth

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11
Q

labial glands

A

glands in the labial mucosa that contribute to saliva production

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12
Q

bolus

A

small mass of chewed food that is easy to swallow

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13
Q

lingual papillae

A

bumps and projections on the tongue that are the site of most taste buds

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14
Q

body of the tongue

A

anterior two-thirds of the tongue; occupies the oral cavity

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15
Q

root of the tongue

A

posterior one-third of the tongue; occupies the oropharynx

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16
Q

vallate papillae

A

bumps and projections marking the boundary between the body and root of the tongue

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17
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

muscles contained entirely within the tongue, used for speech

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18
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

muscles arising from attachments outside the tongue, used for food manipulation; genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, styloglossus

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19
Q

lingual glands

A

serous and mucous glands in the tongue that secrete a portion of the saliva

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20
Q

lingual tonsils

A

tonsils contained in the root of the tongue

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21
Q

palate

A

separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity, making it possible to breathe while chewing food

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22
Q

hard (bony) palate

A

anterior portion of the palate, supported by the palatine processes of the maxillae and by the smaller palatine bones

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23
Q

soft palate

A

posterior portion of the palate, composed mainly of skeletal muscle and glandular tissue

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24
Q

uvula

A

conical medial projection at the rear of the mouth that helps retain food in the mouth until one is ready to swallow

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25
Q

palatoglossal arch

A

anterior muscular arch at the rear of the mouth

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26
Q

palatopharyngeal arch

A

posterior muscular arch at the rear of the mouth; marks the beginning of the pharynx

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27
Q

dentition

A

the teeth

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28
Q

incisors

A

anterior, chisel-like cutting teeth

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29
Q

canines

A

pointed teeth for puncturing and shredding

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30
Q

premolars and molars

A

teeth with broad, lumpy surfaces for crushing, shredding, and grinding

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31
Q

alveolus

A

a tooth socket

32
Q

gomphosis

A

a joint between tooth and bone

33
Q

periodontal ligament

A

a modified periosteum lining the alveolus whose collagen fibers penetrate into the bone on one side and into the tooth on the other; innervated by proprioceptive nerve fibers

34
Q

gingiva

A

the gum, which covers the alveolar bone

35
Q

crown

A

the portion of the tooth that rises above the gum attachment

36
Q

root

A

the portion of the tooth below the gum

37
Q

neck

A

the point where the crown, root, and gum meet

38
Q

gingival sulcus

A

the space between the tooth and gum

39
Q

plaque

A

a sticky residue on the teeth formed by bacteria and sugars

40
Q

dental caries

A

eroded cavities of the tooth

41
Q

calculus (tartar)

A

calcified plaque

42
Q

gingivitis

A

gum inflammation

43
Q

periodontal disease

A

dissolution of the alveolar bone caused by the spread of bacteria from the gingival sulcus into the alveolar bone

44
Q

dentin

A

hard, yellowish tissue composing most of the tooth

45
Q

enamel

A

secretion that covers the crown of the tooth

46
Q

cement

A

living tissue in the root of the tooth

47
Q

cementocytes

A

cells of the cement

48
Q

odontoblasts

A

cells of the dentin

49
Q

pulp cavity

A

space in the crown occupied by pulp

50
Q

root canal

A

space in the lower root occupied by pulp

51
Q

pulp

A

a mass of loose connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves

52
Q

apical foramen

A

a pore at the basal end of each root canal through which nerves and blood and lymphatic vessels enter the tooth

53
Q

occlusion

A

meeting of the teeth when the mouth closes

54
Q

occlusal surfaces

A

surfaces where the teeth meet when the mouth closes

55
Q

cusps

A

rounded bumps on the occlusal surfaces of premolars and molars

56
Q

mastication

A

chewing

57
Q

saliva

A

a hypotonic solution of mucus, electrolytes, lysozome, immunoglobulin A, salivary amylase, and lingual lipase

58
Q

lysozome

A

an enzyme that kills bacteria

59
Q

immunoglobulin A (IgA)

A

an antibacterial antibody

60
Q

salivary amylase

A

an enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth

61
Q

lingual lipase

A

an enzyme that begins fat digestion in the mouth

62
Q

intrinsic (minor) salivary glands

A

lingual, labial, palatine, and buccal glands; secrete small amount of saliva at relatively constant rate

63
Q

extrinsic (major) salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands; compound tubuloacinar glands; secrete saliva in response to food in the mouth

64
Q

salivatory nuclei

A

nuclei in the brainstem that control salivation and from which parasympathetic nerve fibers originate; respond to feel, flavor, aroma, sight, and thought of food

65
Q

pharynx

A

a muscular funnel that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus and the nasal cavity to the larynx

66
Q

pharyngeal constrictors

A

divisions of the circular skeletal muscle that force food downward during swallowing

67
Q

upper esophageal sphincter

A

inferior pharyngeal constrictor, which remains contracted when food is not being swallowed in order to exclude air from the esophagus; physiological, not anatomical, sphincter

68
Q

esophagus

A

a straight muscular tube from C7 to T7

69
Q

cardial orifice

A

opening of the esophagus into the stomach

70
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

a constriction that causes food to pause at the cardial orifice before entering the stomach

71
Q

esophageal glands

A

glands that secrete lubricating mucus into the lumen of the esophagus

72
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing; involves 22 muscles

73
Q

swallowing center

A

a pair of nuclei in the medulla oblongata that coordinate swallowing

74
Q

oral phase of swallowing

A

voluntary, forms a bolus to swallow

75
Q

pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

involutary, prevent choking and drives bolus downward into the esophagus

76
Q

esophageal phase of swallowing

A

a wave of peristalsis, controlled by the swallowing center and myenteric plexus

Physiology (15 decks)

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