25.1 General Anatomy and Digestive Processes Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system

A

the organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients from it, and eliminates the residue

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2
Q

ingestion

A

the selective intake of food

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3
Q

digestion

A

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form useable by the body

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4
Q

absorption

A

the uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood or lymph

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5
Q

compaction

A

absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces

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6
Q

defecation

A

the elimination of feces

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7
Q

mechanical digestion

A

the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

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8
Q

chemical digestion

A

a series of hydrolysis reactions that break dietary macromolecules into their monomers, carried out by digestive enzymes

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9
Q

digestive tract (alimentary canal)

A

a muscular tube: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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10
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

stomach and intestines

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11
Q

accessory organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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12
Q

mucosa (mucous membrane)

A

inner lining of the digestive tract, consisting of an epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae

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13
Q

lamina propria

A

a thin layer of areolar tissue immediately deep to the epithelium of a mucous membrane

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14
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

a thin layer of smooth muscle immediately deep to the lamina propria of a mucosa

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15
Q

submucosa

A

a thicker layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and lymphatics, a nerve plexus, and glands that secrete lubricating mucus into the lumen

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16
Q

muscularis externa

A

the external muscular wall of certain viscera such as the esophagus and small intestine

17
Q

serosa

A

a thin epithelial membrane composed of a simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of areolar tissue that covers the external surfaces of viscera and forms membranes

18
Q

adventitia

A

a fibrous connective tissue layer in the pharynx, esophagus, and rectum that blends into the adjacent connective tissue of other organs

19
Q

enteric nervous system

A

a nervous network that regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow

20
Q

submucosal plexus

A

network of neurons in the submucosa; controls movements of the muscularis mucosae and glandular secretion of the mucosa

21
Q

myenteric plexus

A

network of neurons consisting of parasympathetic ganglia and nerve fibers between layers of the muscularis externa; controls peristalsis and other contractions of the muscularis externa

22
Q

mesenteries

A

connective tissue sheets from which the stomach and intestines are loosely attached to the abdominal wall

23
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

a serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

24
Q

posterior mesentery

A

a translucent two-layered membrane extending to the digestive tract

25
anterior mesentery
a sheet of tissue that hangs freely in the abdominal cavity or attaches to the anterior abdominal wall or other organs
26
lesser omentum
mesentery that extends from the liver to the right superior margin (lesser curvature) of the stomach
27
greater omentum
large, fatty mesentery that hangs like an apron from the left inferior margin (greater curvature) of the stomach, loosely covering the large intestine; part of the body's first line against toxins and infections
28
mesocolon
mesentery that anchors the colon
29
milky spots
clusters of lymphatic tissues in the omentum that collect antigens from the peritoneal fluid and initiate an immune response
30
intraperitoneal
within the peritoneal cavity; enclosed by mesentery (serosa) on all sides (e.g. stomach, liver, intestines)
31
retroperitoneal
outside of the peritoneal cavity; adjacent to the posterior abdominal wall and covered by peritoneum on the anterior side only (e.g. duodenum, pancreas, large intestine)
32
short (myenteric) reflexes
stretching or chemical stimulation of the digestive tract acts through the myenteric plexus to stimulate contractions in nearby regions of the muscularis externa (e.g. peristaltic contractions of swallowing)
33
long (vagovagal) reflexes
reflexes that act through autonomic nerve fibers that carry sensory signals from the digestive tract to the brainstem and motor commands back to the digestive tract
34
paracrine secretions
secretions (of histamine and prostaglandins) that diffuse through tissue fluids and stimulate nearby target cells