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Physiology > 19.1 & 19.2 Overview of the Cardiovascular System & Gross Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

19.1 & 19.2 Overview of the Cardiovascular System & Gross Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

An organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels, serving for the transport of blood. Compare circulatory system.

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2
Q

circulatory system

A

An organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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3
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

A route of blood flow that supplies blood to the pulmonary alveoli for gas exchange and then returns it to the heart; all blood vessels between the right ventricle and the left atrium of the heart.

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4
Q

systemic circuit

A

All blood vessels that convey blood from the left ventricle to all organs of the body and back to the right atrium of the heart; all of the cardiovascular system except the heart and pulmonary circuit.

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5
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

A large artery that divides into right and left pulmonary arteries.

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6
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

Arteries that transport blood to the alveoli of the lungs, where carbon dioxide is unloaded and oxygen is picked up.

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7
Q

pulmonary veins

A

Veins that transport oxygen-rich blood from the alveoli of the lungs to the left side of the heart.

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8
Q

aorta

A

A large artery by way of which blood leaves the left side of the heart.

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9
Q

aortic arch

A

An arched part of the aortic that gives off arteries that supply the head, neck, and upper limbs.

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10
Q

superior vena cava

A

A large vein that drains the upper body.

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11
Q

inferior vena cava

A

A large vein that drains all of the parts of the body below the diaphragm.

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12
Q

great vessels (great arteries and veins)

A

The major arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart.

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13
Q

mediastinum

A

The thick median partition of the thoracic cavity that separates one pleural cavity from the other and contains the heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.

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14
Q

base

A

The broad, superior part of the heart, where the great vessels are attached.

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15
Q

apex

A

The bluntly pointed, inferior part of the heart, located just above the diaphragm.

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16
Q

pericardium

A

The double-walled sac in which the heart is enclosed.

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17
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

The outer wall of the pericardium, which consists of a tough, fibrous sac, surrounds the heart but is not attached to it, and is anchored to the diaphragm and sternum.

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18
Q

serous pericardium

A

A thin membrane deep to the fibrous pericardium consisting of two layers: the parietal and the visceral

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19
Q

parietal layer of the serous pericardium

A

A layer of the serous pericardium that lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium.

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20
Q

visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium)

A

A layer of the serous pericardium that adheres to the heart surface and forms the outermost layer of the heart itself (the epicardium)

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21
Q

pericardial cavity

A

The space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium that enfolds the heart

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22
Q

pericardial fluid

A

fluid in the pericardial cavity (5 to 30 mL) that is exuded by the serous pericardium to lubricate the membranes and allow the heart to beat with minimal friction

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23
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium, in which the membranes may become roughened and produce a painful friction rub with each heartbeat

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24
Q

endocardium

A

A layer of the heart that lines the interior of the heart chambers, covers the valve surfaces, and is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels

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25
Q

myocardium

A

The middle, muscular layer of the heart.

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26
Q

vortex of the heart

A

bundles of myocardial muscle that spiral around the heart

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27
Q

cardiomyocytes

A

cardiac muscle cells

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28
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

the heart’s framework of collagenous and elastic fibers, which (1) provides structural support for the heart, (2) anchors the cardiomyocytes, (3) serves as electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles, and (4) possibly aids in refilling the heart with blood after each beat

29
Q

atria

A

the superior chambers of the heart, which receive blood returning to the heart by way of the great veins

30
Q

auricle

A

an earlike flap on the atrium that slightly increases its volume

31
Q

interatrial septum

A

a wall separating the atria from one another

32
Q

pectinate muscles

A

internal ridges of myocardium on the right atrium and both auricles

33
Q

ventricles

A

the inferior chambers of the heart, which eject blood into the arteries and keep it flowing around the body

34
Q

interventricular septum

A

a thick muscle wall that separates the ventricles from one another

35
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

internal ridges in the ventricles that may serve to keep the ventricular walls from clinging to each other like suction cups when the hearts contract

36
Q

sulci

A

grooves on the surface of the heart filled by fat and the coronary blood vessels marking the boundaries of the four chambers

37
Q

coronary sulcus

A

sulcus that encircles the heart near the base and separates the atria from the ventricles

38
Q

anterior interventricular sulcus

A

sulcus that extends obliquely down the front of the heart from the coronary sulcus toward the apex

39
Q

posterior interventricular sulcus

A

sulcus that extends obliquely down the back of the heart from the coronary sulcus toward the apex

40
Q

cusps (leaflets)

A

fibrous flaps of tissue covered with endocardium that make up a valve of the heart

41
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

The mitral (left) and tricuspid (right) valves between the atria and ventricles of the heart; the left AV valve was formerly known as the bicuspid valve.

42
Q

right AV (tricuspid) valve

A

AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle, which has three cusps

43
Q

left AV (mitral) valve

A

AV valve between the left atrium and left ventricle, which has two cusps

44
Q

chordae tendineae (tendinous chords)

A

string chords that connect the valves cusps to papillary muscles on the floor of the ventricle to prevent the AV valves from flipping inside out

45
Q

papillary muscles

A

conicle muscles on the floor of the ventricle to which the chordae tendineae are attached to prevent the AV valves from flipping inside out

46
Q

semilunar valve

A

A valve that consists of crescent-shaped cusps, including the aortic and pulmonary valves of the heart and valves of the veins and lymphatic vessels.

47
Q

pulmonary valve

A

The valve that controls the opening from the right ventricle to into the pulmonary trunk

48
Q

aortic valve

A

The valve that controls the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta

49
Q

coronary circulation

A

A system of blood vessels that serve the wall of the heart

50
Q

left coronary artery (LCA)

A

artery supplying the heart that travels through the coronary sulcus under the left auricle and divides into the anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch

51
Q

anterior interventricular branch

A

branch of the LCA that supplies blood to both ventricles and the anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum

52
Q

circumflex branch

A

branch of the LCA that supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior wall of the left ventricle

53
Q

left marginal branch

A

branch of the circumflex branch that supplies blood to the left ventricle

54
Q

right coronary artery (RCA)

A

artery that supplies blood to the right atrium and the sinuatrial node (pacemaker)

55
Q

right marginal branch

A

branch of the RCA that supplies blood to the lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle

56
Q

posterior interventricular branch

A

branch of the RCA that supplies blood to posterior walls of both ventricles and the posterior portion of the interventricular septum

57
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack, caused by a fatty deposit or blood clot’s blockage of an artery

58
Q

arterial anastomoses

A

points where two arteries come together

59
Q

collateral circulation

A

alternative routes of blood flow that can supply the heart tissue with blood if the primary route becomes obstructed

60
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by an obstruction of coronary blood flow

61
Q

ischemia

A

deficiency of blood flow to the cardiac muscle

62
Q

atheroma

A

a blood clot or fatty deposit obstructing a coronary artery

63
Q

venous drainage

A

the route by which blood leaves an organ

64
Q

small cardiac veins

A

tiny vessels from which 5% to 10% of the coronary blood empties directly into the heart chambers

65
Q

great cardiac vein

A

vein that collects blood from the anterior aspect of the heart and empties into the coronary sinus

66
Q

posterior interior (middle cardiac) vein

A

vein that collects blood from the posterior aspect of the heart and drains into the coronary sinus

67
Q

left marginal vein

A

vein that travels up the apex to the left margin and empties into the coronary sinus

68
Q

coronary sinus

A

a large tranverse vein in the coronary sulcus on the posterior side of the heart that collects blood from the great cardiac vein, the posterior interior vein, and the left marginal vein and empties blood into the right atrium

Physiology (15 decks)

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