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POM 2 G: HAEMATOLOGY > 2.5 White Blood Cells > Flashcards

2.5 White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Lineage of granulocytes and monocytes

A

HSC - common myeloid progenitor - myeloblast - granulocytes and monocytes

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2
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Have granules in their cytoplasm containing agents for their microbicidal function

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3
Q

Growth factors essential to wbc growth and proliferation

A

Myeloid growth factors G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF

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4
Q

G-CSF

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor

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5
Q

M-CSF

A

Macrophage colony stimulating factor

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6
Q

GM-CSF

A

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

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7
Q

Which stages of granulocyte maturation does cell division occur

A

Myeloblasts, promyelocytes and myelocytes

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8
Q

Which stages of maturation does cell division not occur in

A

Metamyelocytes and band forms

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9
Q

Neutrophil life span

A

7-10 hours

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10
Q

Neutrophil looks

A

Segmented/ lobulated nucleus

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11
Q

Function of the neutrophil

A

Defence against infection by phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms

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12
Q

What might dots in a neutrophil be

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

What is the first step in neutrophil migration to tissues

A

Chemotaxis

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14
Q

Neutrophil tissue migration

A

Adhesion and migration
Rolling
Diapedesis
Migration
Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Eosinophil circulation

A

Less than the neutrophils 7-10 hours

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16
Q

Eosinophil function

A

Defence against parasitic infection (e.g. worms)

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17
Q

Eosinophil appearance

A

Two larger nuclei

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18
Q

Basophil granules

A

Contain stores of histamine and heparin as well as proteolytic enzymes

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19
Q

Basophil function

A

Variety of immune and inflammatory responses

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20
Q

How are mast cells and basophils similar

A

Basophils in circulation mast cells in tissues

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21
Q

Which granulocyte contains heparin and histamines

A

Basophil

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22
Q

What do monocytes differentiate to

A

Macrophage

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23
Q

Monocyte function

A

Phagocytosis of mo, bacteria, fungi
Antigen presentation
Store and release iron

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24
Q

Where do b lymphocytes originate

A

Fetal liver and bone marrow

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25
Development of b lymphocytes includes
Ig heavy and light chain gene rearrangement giving surface Ig against many different antigens (Humoral immunity)
26
Further maturation of b lymphocytes requires
Requires exposure to antigens in lymphoid tissue e.g. lymph nodes
27
Development of t lymphocytes
Lymphocyte progenitors migrate from fetal liver to the thymus
28
Leukocytes
White cells
29
Transient
Short term
30
Persistent
Long term
31
Cause of transient leukocytosis
Reactive (secondary) Bone marrow reacts to external stimulus such as infection, inflammation, infarction
32
Cause of persistent leukocytosis
Primary blood cell disorder
33
Infarction
Tissue death (necrosis) due to inadequate blood supply
34
Bacterial infection leads to
Neutrophillia Monocytosis
35
Viral infection leads to
Lymphocytosis
36
Parasitic infection leads to
Eosinophilia
37
Primary blood cell disorder
Persistent leukocytosis where leukocyte count is abnormal due to dna damage affecting haemopoietic precursor cell giving rise to blood cancers
38
Leukocytosis
Too many white cells
39
Most abundant leukocyte in the circulation
Neutrophils
40
Too many neutrophils
Neutrophillia
41
Too many eosinophils
Eosinophilia
42
Too many basophils
Basophilia
43
Too many lymphocytes
Lymphocytosis
44
Too many monocytes
Monocytosis
45
Leukopenia
Reduction in number of leukocytes
46
Too little neutrophils
Neutropenia
47
Too little lymphocytes
Lymphopenia
48
Causes of Neutrophillia
Infection (bacterial) Inflammation Infarction or tissue damage
49
Which normal physiological process is Neutrophillia seen in
Pregnancy exercise
50
Why do neutrophils increase during exercise
Rapid shift of neutrophils from the marinated pool to circulating pool
51
What other changes can be seen by Neutrophillia
Toxic changes and left shift (early myeloid cells)
52
Which primary blood cancer is associated with Neutrophillia, Basophilia and left shift
Chronic myeloid leukaemia CML
53
Left shift with neutrophils
Increase in non segmented neutrophils in the blood
54
Neutropenia
Too little neutrophils
55
Cause of neutropenia
Following chemo or radiotherapy Results of autoimmune disorder Severe bacterial infections Viral infections ans drugs
56
Hypersegmented neutrophil
Right shifted too many lobes More than 5
57
Causes of hypersegmented neutrophil
Lack of b12 and folic acid (megaloblastic anaemia) [affects dna division]
58
Causes of eosinophilia
Allergy or parasitic infection Asthma eczema drugs. Can occur in CML
59
Causes of Basophilia
CML or leukaemias
60
Causes of Monocytosis
Chronic infection or inflammation Some leukaemias
61
Transient Lymphocytosis causes
Response to a viral infection
62
Persistent Lymphocytosis cause
Lymphoproliferative disorder e.g. CLL
63
Cause of Lymphocytosis in children
Whooping cough
64
Lymphopenia definition
Defined as total lymphocyte count less than 1x10^9/ l
65
Causes of Lymphopenia
HIV chemo or radiotherapy Corticosteroids Severe infection
66
Leukaemia
Cancer of the blood
67
Types of leukaemias
Myeloid or lymphoid (which progenitor is the mutation in)
68
Why does leukaemia occur?
Number of somatic mutations in a primitive cell which has a survival advantage and steadily replaces normal cells Mutations are in oncogenes and sometimes in tumour suppressor genes
69
How do clones/ mutated cells replace normal cells
Failure of apoptosis Disturbance in proliferation/ maturation May not require growth factors
70
How is leukaemia classified
Acute and chronic (not benign or maligant) Determined by the nature of the mutation
71
Acute leukaemias
Sudden and severe onset
72
Chronic leukaemias
Disease and deterioration go on for long periods of time
73
Main types of leukaemia
ALL AML CLL CML
74
ALL
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Blast = immature cells Particularly a disease of childhood from mutations in uteri
75
AML
Acute myeloid leukaemia
76
CLL
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia Cystic = mature lymphoid cells Predominant in elderly
77
CML
Chronic myeloid leukaemia Mature myeloid cells Activation of signalling pathways by cushion protein BCR-ALB1
78
Clinical features in leukaemia
Accumulation of abnormal cells Crowding out of normal haemopoiesis Loss of normal immune function Metabolic effects
79
Accumulation of abnormal cells leads to
Leukocytosis Bone pain Hepatomegsly Splenomegaly Thymidine enlargement Skin infiltration Lymphadenopathy
80
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of liver
81
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of spleen
82
What is thymic enlargement seen in
T lymphoid leukaemia
83
Clinical (metabolic) effects of leukaemic cell proliferation
Hyperuricaemia and renal failure Weight loss Low grade fever Swearing
84
Hyperuriciaemia
Elevated Uris acid levels
85
Crowding out of normal haemopoiesis causes
Anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia Fwtigue, lethargy, pallor, breathlessness, fever, bruising, bleeding

POM 2 G: HAEMATOLOGY (8 decks)

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