2.4: The interference theory (IT) Flashcards
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks)
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
When is interference more likely?
Interference is more likely when material is similar
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Why is interference more likely when material is similar?
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
What may newer information do?
Newer information may overwrite earlier information
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
Newer information may overwrite earlier information.
However, when is interference less likely to occur?
However, interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instances of learning
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
Newer information may overwrite earlier information.
However, interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instances of learning.
How can this occur?
This can occur as proactive interference or as retroactive interference
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
Newer information may overwrite earlier information.
However, interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instances of learning.
This can occur as proactive interference, where what, or as retroactive interference?
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material or as retroactive interference
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
Newer information may overwrite earlier information.
However, interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instances of learning.
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material (such as what) or as retroactive interference?
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material (such as the memory of an old phone number disrupting attempts to recall a new phone number), or as retroactive interference
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
Newer information may overwrite earlier information.
However, interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instances of learning.
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material (such as the memory of an old phone number disrupting attempts to recall a new phone number), or as retroactive interference, where what?
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material (such as the memory of an old phone number disrupting attempts to recall a new phone number), or as retroactive interference, where more recently coded material interferes with the recall of previously coded material
Outline one explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
Newer information may overwrite earlier information.
However, interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instances of learning.
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material (such as the memory of an old phone number disrupting attempts to recall a new phone number), or as retroactive interference, where more recently coded material interferes with the recall of previously coded material (such as what?)
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material (such as the memory of an old phone number disrupting attempts to recall a new phone number), or as retroactive interference, where more recently coded material interferes with the recall of previously coded material (such as the memory of a new car registration number preventing recall of an older one)
Aaron was upset as he left the Spanish exam. In the unfamiliar room and full of nerves, his mind had gone completely blank. He was regretting studying both French and Spanish because he was sure he had mixed up lots of the words.
Outline one explanation of forgetting (4 marks).
How might this explanation account for Aaron’s poor performance in the Spanish exam?
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
Newer information may overwrite earlier information.
However, interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instances of learning.
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material (such as the memory of an old phone number disrupting attempts to recall a new phone number), or as retroactive interference, where more recently coded material interferes with the recall of previously coded material (such as the memory of a new car registration number preventing recall of an older one).
What has Aaron done?
Aaron has confused words from another subject
Aaron was upset as he left the Spanish exam. In the unfamiliar room and full of nerves, his mind had gone completely blank. He was regretting studying both French and Spanish because he was sure he had mixed up lots of the words.
Outline one explanation of forgetting (4 marks).
How might this explanation account for Aaron’s poor performance in the Spanish exam?
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
Newer information may overwrite earlier information.
However, interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instances of learning.
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material (such as the memory of an old phone number disrupting attempts to recall a new phone number), or as retroactive interference, where more recently coded material interferes with the recall of previously coded material (such as the memory of a new car registration number preventing recall of an older one).
Aaron has confused words from another subject, which has caused him to do what?
Aaron has confused words from another subject, which has caused him to forget
Aaron was upset as he left the Spanish exam. In the unfamiliar room and full of nerves, his mind had gone completely blank. He was regretting studying both French and Spanish because he was sure he had mixed up lots of the words.
Outline one explanation of forgetting (4 marks).
How might this explanation account for Aaron’s poor performance in the Spanish exam?
The interference theory is where forgetting occurs when similar material is confused at recall from long-term memory.
Interference is more likely when material is similar, because it creates response competition.
Newer information may overwrite earlier information.
However, interference is less likely to occur when there is a gap between the instances of learning.
This can occur as proactive interference, where previously stored information interferes with the recall of more recently learned material (such as the memory of an old phone number disrupting attempts to recall a new phone number), or as retroactive interference, where more recently coded material interferes with the recall of previously coded material (such as the memory of a new car registration number preventing recall of an older one).
Aaron has confused words from another subject, which has caused him to forget.
Why is interference likely in this case?
Interference is likely in this case, because French and Spanish are similar
Briefly evaluate interference theory as an explanation of forgetting (4 marks)
There is research support for interference theory as an explanation of forgetting
Briefly evaluate interference theory as an explanation of forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for interference theory as an explanation of forgetting.
Example
For example, McGeoch and McDonald studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between 2 sets of material
Briefly evaluate interference theory as an explanation of forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for interference theory as an explanation of forgetting.
For example, McGeoch and McDonald studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between 2 sets of material and found what?
For example, McGeoch and McDonald studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between 2 sets of material and found that the more similar the inference is to the words being remembered, the worse recall is
Briefly evaluate interference theory as an explanation of forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for interference theory as an explanation of forgetting.
For example, McGeoch and McDonald studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between 2 sets of material and found that the more similar the inference is to the words being remembered, the worse recall is.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that interference is a valid explanation of forgetting
Outline retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks)
Retrieval failure is when material is stored in the LTM, but cannot be consciously recalled due to a lack of retrieval cues to ‘jog the memory’
Outline retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
Retrieval failure is when material is stored in the LTM, but cannot be consciously recalled due to a lack of retrieval cues to ‘jog the memory’.
What is there a lack of?
There is a lack of external contextual cues
Outline retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
Retrieval failure is when material is stored in the LTM, but cannot be consciously recalled due to a lack of retrieval cues to ‘jog the memory’.
There is a lack of external contextual cues, where what?
There is a lack of external contextual cues, where the environment for learning and recall is different
Outline retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
Retrieval failure is when material is stored in the LTM, but cannot be consciously recalled due to a lack of retrieval cues to ‘jog the memory’.
There is a lack of external contextual cues, where the environment for learning and recall is different, for example what?
There is a lack of external contextual cues, where the environment for learning and recall is different, for example being in a different room
Outline retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
Retrieval failure is when material is stored in the LTM, but cannot be consciously recalled due to a lack of retrieval cues to ‘jog the memory’.
There is a lack of external contextual cues, where the environment for learning and recall is different, for example being in a different room.
What is there also a lack of?
There is also a lack of internal contextual cues
Outline retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
Retrieval failure is when material is stored in the LTM, but cannot be consciously recalled due to a lack of retrieval cues to ‘jog the memory’.
There is a lack of external contextual cues, where the environment for learning and recall is different, for example being in a different room.
There is also a lack of internal contextual cues, where what?
There is also a lack of internal contextual cues, where the physical state for learning and recall is different
Outline retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
Retrieval failure is when material is stored in the LTM, but cannot be consciously recalled due to a lack of retrieval cues to ‘jog the memory’.
There is a lack of external contextual cues, where the environment for learning and recall is different, for example being in a different room.
There is also a lack of internal contextual cues, where the physical state for learning and recall is different, for example what?
There is also a lack of internal contextual cues, where the physical state for learning and recall is different, for example being in a different mood
Outline retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
Retrieval failure is when material is stored in the LTM, but cannot be consciously recalled due to a lack of retrieval cues to ‘jog the memory’.
There is a lack of external contextual cues, where the environment for learning and recall is different, for example being in a different room.
There is also a lack of internal contextual cues, where the physical state for learning and recall is different, for example being in a different mood.
What do the types of cues that have been studied by psychologists include?
The types of cues that have been studied by psychologists include context, state and organisation
Briefly evaluate retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks)
There is research support for retrieval failure an as explanation for forgetting
Briefly evaluate retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for retrieval failure an as explanation for forgetting.
Example
For example, Godden and Baddeley carried out a study of deep sea divers working underwater
Briefly evaluate retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for retrieval failure an as explanation for forgetting.
For example, Godden and Baddeley carried out a study of deep sea divers working underwater.
What happened to the divers?
The divers learned a list of words underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the words either underwater or on land
Briefly evaluate retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for retrieval failure an as explanation for forgetting.
For example, Godden and Baddeley carried out a study of deep sea divers working underwater.
The divers learned a list of words underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the words either underwater or on land (creating what?)
The divers learned a list of words underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the words either underwater or on land (creating 4 conditions)
Briefly evaluate retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for retrieval failure an as explanation for forgetting.
For example, Godden and Baddeley carried out a study of deep sea divers working underwater.
The divers learned a list of words underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the words either underwater or on land (creating 4 conditions).
In 2 of these conditions, what?
In 2 of these conditions, the environmental contexts of learning and recall matched
Briefly evaluate retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for retrieval failure an as explanation for forgetting.
For example, Godden and Baddeley carried out a study of deep sea divers working underwater.
The divers learned a list of words underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the words either underwater or on land (creating 4 conditions).
In 2 of these conditions, the environmental contexts of learning and recall matched, whereas in the other 2 conditions, what?
In 2 of these conditions, the environmental contexts of learning and recall matched, whereas in the other 2 conditions, they did not
Briefly evaluate retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for retrieval failure an as explanation for forgetting.
For example, Godden and Baddeley carried out a study of deep sea divers working underwater.
The divers learned a list of words underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the words either underwater or on land (creating 4 conditions).
In 2 of these conditions, the environmental contexts of learning and recall matched, whereas in the other 2 conditions, they did not.
Accurate recall was what in the non-matching conditions?
Accurate recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions
Briefly evaluate retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting (4 marks).
There is research support for retrieval failure an as explanation for forgetting.
For example, Godden and Baddeley carried out a study of deep sea divers working underwater.
The divers learned a list of words underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the words either underwater or on land (creating 4 conditions).
In 2 of these conditions, the environmental contexts of learning and recall matched, whereas in the other 2 conditions, they did not.
Accurate recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions.
What does this suggest?
This suggests that retrieval failure is a valid explanation for forgetting
