2.4 b) Sex and Behaviour - Reproductive Behaviours and Mating Systems in Animals Flashcards
Mating systems are based on how many ___ an individual has during one ___ ___.
mates, breeding season
What is polygamy?
individuals of one sex have multiple partners
What is polygyny?
one male mates exclusively with multiple females
What is polyandry?
one female mates with many males within one breeding season
What is monogamy?
the mating of a pair of animals to the exclusion of all others
Many animals have ___-selection ___ rituals.
mate, courtship
Successful courtship behaviour in birds and fish can be a result of… or …
species-specific sign stimuli or fixed action patters responses
Successful courtship behaviour in birds and fish can be a result of ___ specific sign s___ or fixed ___ ___ responses.
species specific sign stimuli, action pattern
What are fixed action pattern responses?
innate responses which are linked to a stimulus
Sexual selection selects for characteristics which have little or no… but increase their chances of ___.
survival benefit, mating.
Many species exhibit ___ ___ as a result of sexual selection.
Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism often results in females which are ___, and males which have…
inconspicuous, conspicuous markings, structures and behaviours (colourful bird hehe)
What is reversed sexual dimorphism?
when the female is larger or more conspicuous (than the males of that species)
Why are females usually inconspicuous?
being camouflaged allows them to better protect their young
Female choice involves females assessing honest ___ of the ___ of males
signals, fitness.
Honest signals are a true ___ of an individual’s ___ ___.
indication, biological fitness
Honest signals can indicate ___ alleles that increase the chances of…, or a low ___ burden, indicating a ___ individual.
favourable, survival of offspring, parasite, healthy
In a number of ___ and ___ species, males display communally in a small area called a ___.
bird, insects, lek
What is a lek?
a gathering of individuals where males display communally, and females assess the honesty of signals of fitness
Describe the positioning of different types of males in a lek.
dominant males occupy the centre, whilst subordinates and juvenilles wait at the edges, as satellite males
What occurs during the male display at a lek?
Female choice
Females visit the lek, and choose among ___ males by assessing whether signals are ___, and are true sign of ___.
displaying, honest, fitness
Success in male-male ___ increases access to ___ for mating.
rivalry, females
Males will fight for ___ and access to ___, often utilising weapons such as ___, ___ or ___.
dominance, females, antlers, horns, tusks
Explain what is meant by a lekking species. (2)
a species in which males gather and display communally
… and females choose (they assess the honesty of the males’ signals)
‘Explain how treatment A could be used in a controlled trial to prove that it helps patients’ (2)
give patients treatment A,
compare results to control group (where patients are not given treatment) - if symptoms go away, treatment works
2020 P1 Q16:
Backstory: there are some birds and;
When egg-laying is complete, the female may search for another male. Male birds breed with only one female in a breeding season.
Which of the following are features of the red-necked phalarope’s reproductive behaviour?
A. Polygamy and polygyny
B. Polygamy and polyandry
C. Monogamy and polygyny
D. Monogamy and polyandry
A - no (polygyny = one male, multiple females)
B - yes (polyandry = one female, multiple males)
C + D - no (monogamy is the ‘mating of a pair of animals to the exclusion of all others’, thus monogomay is not present, as the female is mating with multiple males). (I think)
