1.4 a) Coordination, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Signals Flashcards

1
Q

Multicellular organisms signal between cells using ___ ___.

A

extracellular signalling

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2
Q

What are the three types of extracellular signalling molecules?

A

peptide hormones, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters

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3
Q

Some proteins in the plasma membrane act as ___, with a binding site for specific ___ molecules.

A

receptors, signal

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4
Q

The act of ___ a signal molecule causes a ___ change of the receptor, which initiates a ___ within the cell.

A

binding, conformational, response

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5
Q

Different cell types produce different ___ ___ which can only be detected by cells with the specific ___.
These cells then…

A

signal molecules, receptor.
respond to the signal

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6
Q

Signalling molecules have ___ effects on different ___ types, due to differences in the ___ involved within the cell.

A

different, cell, pathways

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7
Q

In multicellular organisms, different cell types can show a tissue-___ response to the ___ signal.

A

tissue-specific, same

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8
Q

Hydrophobic signalling molecules can…
And so, can bind to ___ ___.

A

diffuse directly through the plasma membrane.
intracellular receptors

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9
Q

The receptors for hydrophobic signalling molecules are ___ ___.

A

transcription factors

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10
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

molecules that bind to HREs on DNA and either stimulate or inhibit the initiation of transcription (or: ‘they affect gene expression’)

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11
Q

The steroid hormones ___ and ___ are examples of ___ signalling molecules.

A

oestrogen and testosterone, hydrophobic

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12
Q

These steroid hormones bind to specific ___, in the ___ or ___.

A

receptors, cytosol, nucleus.

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13
Q

The hormone-receptor complex then moves to the ___ where it binds to specific sites on ___, affecting ___ expression.

A

nucleus, DNA, expression

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14
Q

What are the sites on DNA (that hormone-receptor complexes bind to) called?

A

Hormone Response Elements (HREs)

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15
Q

What does binding at HREs affect?

A

The rate of transcription (aka gene expression)

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16
Q

Each ___ hormone can affect the gene expression of many ___ genes.

A

steroid, different

17
Q

Hydrophilic signalling molecules bind to ___ ___, and do not ___ the cell.

A

membrane receptors (or transmembrane receptors), enter

18
Q

Examples of extracellular signalling molecules are ___ and ___ ___.

A

neurotransmitters, peptide hormones

19
Q

Sort the following three signalling molecules into either 1) or 2).

Neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, peptide hormones.

  1. Hydrophobic signalling molecule
  2. Hydrophilic signalling molecule
A
  1. Steroid hormones (oestrogen and testosterone) are hydrophobic, and so diffuse through the membrane and bind to intracellular receptors (which may create a transcription factor which binds to HREs affecting the rate of transcription)
  2. neurotransmitters and peptide hormones are hydrophilic, and so bind to transmembrane receptors
20
Q

Transmembrane receptors change ___ when a ___ binds to its extracellular face.

A

conformation, ligand

21
Q

Hydrophilic signalling molecules do not ___ the cell, but the signal is ___ across the ___.

A

enter, transduced, membrane

22
Q

Transmembrane receptors act as ___ ___, when a ligand/hydrophilic signalling molecule binds to it from ___ the cell.

A

signal transducers, outside

23
Q

Transmembrane receptors transduce ___ by converting the ___ binding event into intracellular ___, which activates a cellular ___.

A

signals, ligand, signals, response

24
Q

Transduced hydrophilic signals often involve _-__ or cascades of ___ by kinase enzymes.

A

G-proteins, phosphorylation

25
G-proteins r___ signals from ___ receptors to ___ proteins.
relay, activated, effector
26
What are activated receptors?
ones that have bound a signalling molecule/ligand
27
Name two types of target proteins?
enzymes, ion channels
28
What do phosphorylation cascades allow for? *(given that they start with only one signal molecule binding to a receptor)
multiple intracellular signalling pathways to be activated, from a single binding event
29
What do phosphorylation cascades involve?
a series of events whereby one protein kinase phosphorylates another, thereby activating it and allowing it to phosphorylate the next one... and so on
30
What is a protein kinase and what does it do?
an enzyme which catalyses the phosphorylation reaction of another protein
31
Phosphorylation cascades can result in the ___ of many different ___, as a result of the original ___ event.
phosphorylation, proteins, binding
32
Select the correct word/phrase from each set of brackets. When insulin, a (steroid/peptide) hormone, binds to its receptor it results in an (intra/extra) -cellular signalling pathway that triggers the ___ of ___-_ glucose transporter (proteins/vesicles) to the (nuclear/plasma) membrane of ___ and ___ cells.
(peptide), (receptor), (intra), recruitment, GLUT-4 (proteins), (plasma), fat and muscle
33
In more detail: The binding of insulin to its ___ causes a ___ ___ that triggers ___ of the receptor. This starts a ___ ___ which eventually leads to ___-_ containing ____ being transported to the ___ ___, and then they travel to the plasma membrane of __ and __ cells.
receptor, conformational change, phosphorylation. phosphorylation cascades, GLUT-4, vesicles, plasma membrane, fat and muscle.
34
What is type 1 diabetes caused by?
a failure to produce insulin
35
What is type 2 diabetes caused by?
a loss of insulin function
36
What is type 2 diabetes associated with?
obesity
37
How can you treat type 2 diabetes? Why is this treatment effective?
exercise, it triggers recruitment of GLUT-4, thereby increasing uptake of glucose to fat and muscle cells (essentially doing insulin's job)