2.3 Perfusion

Question 1

What is Pericardium… for 10 points

Answer 1

double layer of fibroserous membrane that covers the heart

Question 2

What does the pericardium do

Answer 2

Encases the heart & anchors it to surrounding structures forming the pericardial sac.
-The snug fit prevents heart from overfilling with blood.

Question 3

Layers of the heart

Answer 3

• epicardium
• myocardium
• endocardium

Question 4

Which valves closing create the S1 sound

Answer 4

-AV valves

Question 5

What are AV valves

Answer 5

• Atrioventricular

- Tricuspid & Mitral (bicuspid) valves

Question 6

Which valves closing create the S2 sound

Answer 6

-Semilunar valves

Question 7

What are semilunar valves

Answer 7

• Pulmonary valve - to the lungs

- Aortic valve - to the body

Question 8

What is the first heart sound?

Answer 8

• LUB

- S1

Question 9

What is the second heart sound?

Answer 9

• DUBB

- S2

Question 10

What is Systole

Answer 10

• ventricular contraction
• begins when S1 occurs
• ends at S2

Question 11

What is Diastole

Answer 11

• ventricular relaxation
• starts at S2
• ends at S1

Question 12

What is S3

Answer 12

• Ventricular gallop

- heard AFTER S2 during diastole as blood is entering heart

Question 13

What is S4

Answer 13

• atrial contraction & ejection of blood in late diastole.
• atrial gallop
• heard before S1

Question 14

What is a heart murmur

Answer 14

• harsh blowing sounds
• disruption of blood flow into the heart
• graded 1-6

Question 15

What is coronary circulation

Answer 15

network of vessels that supply heart muscle itself.

Question 16

Where do the coronary arteries originate

Answer 16

• base of the aorta

- branch out to encircle the myocardium

Question 17

When do coronary arteries fill?

Answer 17

during ventricular relaxation.

Question 18

Where & how does coronary blood go back into the heart?

Answer 18

Through the coronary sinus into the right atrium.

Question 19

What is the foamen ovale

Answer 19

• opening between the atria in fetal heart.
• closes soon after birth
• permanent closure occurs 10-21 days after birth

Question 20

What is the ductus arteriosis

Answer 20

• vascular channel between the pulmonary arter and the aorta.
• closes w/in 10-15 hours after birth

Question 21

Stroke volume

Answer 21

• difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume
• Ranges from 60-100 mL/beat

Question 22

Cardiac output

Answer 22

amount of blood pumped by ventricles into pulmonary and systemic circulation in 1 minute
SV x HR = CO
-Avg = 4-8 L/min

Question 23

Ejection fraction

Answer 23

stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume

-Normal range: 50% - 70%

Question 24

Ischemic

Answer 24

deprived of O2

Question 25

If cells do not get enough O2 what two things might happen?

Answer 25

- infarction | - necrosis

Question 26

Contractility

Answer 26

inherent capability of heart muscle fibers to shorten - poor contractility reduces cardiac output - increased contractility may stress heart

Question 27

Preload

Answer 27

amount of heart muscle fiber tension (or stretch) that exists at end of diastole. - Starling's law of the heart - overstretching may cause ineffective contraction

Question 28

Starling's law of the heart

Answer 28

-greater the volume = greater the stretch = greater the force that fibers contract to empty contents.

Question 29

Afterload

Answer 29

The force the ventricles must overcome to eject their blood volume. -The pressure in the arterial system ahead of the ventricles.

Question 30

Which ventricle works harder

Answer 30

The left ventricle works harder because it has to overcome systemic vascular resistance.

Question 31

What side of heart does pulmonary circulation?

Answer 31

Right side

Question 32

What side of heart does systemic circulation?

Answer 32

Left side

Question 33

Cardiac index

Answer 33

cardiac output adjusted for the client's body size. | cardiac output divided by BSA.

Question 34

Where is the SA node located

Answer 34

junction of superior vena cava & right atrium

Question 35

What does the SA node do

Answer 35

acts as the "pacemaker" of the heart

Question 36

How many impulses does the SA node generate per minute

Answer 36

60-100

Question 37

Depolarization

Answer 37

phase when the heart contracts.

Question 38

Threshold potential

Answer 38

point at which an action potential is capable of being generated

Question 39

Repolarization

Answer 39

process that returns the cell to it resting polarized state.

Question 40

Refractory period

Answer 40

- unique property to myocardial cells | - resist stimulation

Question 41

Relative refractory period

Answer 41

- requires above normal stimulation to generate an action potential - follows the refractory period.

Question 42

Supernormal period

Answer 42

mild stimulus will cause depolarization

Question 43

When do many cardiac dysrhythmias occur

Answer 43

relative refractory and supernormal periods

Question 44

Pulse

Answer 44

- a wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. - generally represents stroke volume

Question 45

Peripheral pulse

Answer 45

located away from heart (ie wrist, foot)

Question 46

Apical pulse

Answer 46

central pulse located at apex of heart | -Also called PMI (point of maximal impulse)

Question 47

Newborn pulse range

Answer 47

80-180

Question 48

1 year pulse range

Answer 48

80-140

Question 49

5-8 years pulse range

Answer 49

75-120

Question 50

10 years pulse range

Answer 50

50-90

Question 51

Teen pulse range

Answer 51

50-90

Question 52

Adult pulse range

Answer 52

60-100

Question 53

Older adult pulse range

Answer 53

60-100

Question 54

Hypovolemia does what to heartrate

Answer 54

increases

Question 55

Arterial blood pressure

Answer 55

measure of pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries.

Question 56

arteriosclerosis

Answer 56

- muscular tissues of arteries are replaced with fibrous tissue. - arteries lose much of their ability to constrict & dilate.

Question 57

hematocrit

Answer 57

volume percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood