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162 Exam #2 > 2.3 Perfusion > Flashcards

2.3 Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pericardium… for 10 points

A

double layer of fibroserous membrane that covers the heart

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2
Q

What does the pericardium do

A

Encases the heart & anchors it to surrounding structures forming the pericardial sac.
-The snug fit prevents heart from overfilling with blood.

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3
Q

Layers of the heart

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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4
Q

Which valves closing create the S1 sound

A

-AV valves

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5
Q

What are AV valves

A
  • Atrioventricular

- Tricuspid & Mitral (bicuspid) valves

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6
Q

Which valves closing create the S2 sound

A

-Semilunar valves

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7
Q

What are semilunar valves

A
  • Pulmonary valve - to the lungs

- Aortic valve - to the body

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8
Q

What is the first heart sound?

A
  • LUB

- S1

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9
Q

What is the second heart sound?

A
  • DUBB

- S2

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10
Q

What is Systole

A
  • ventricular contraction
  • begins when S1 occurs
  • ends at S2
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11
Q

What is Diastole

A
  • ventricular relaxation
  • starts at S2
  • ends at S1
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12
Q

What is S3

A
  • Ventricular gallop

- heard AFTER S2 during diastole as blood is entering heart

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13
Q

What is S4

A
  • atrial contraction & ejection of blood in late diastole.
  • atrial gallop
  • heard before S1
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14
Q

What is a heart murmur

A
  • harsh blowing sounds
  • disruption of blood flow into the heart
  • graded 1-6
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15
Q

What is coronary circulation

A

network of vessels that supply heart muscle itself.

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16
Q

Where do the coronary arteries originate

A
  • base of the aorta

- branch out to encircle the myocardium

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17
Q

When do coronary arteries fill?

A

during ventricular relaxation.

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18
Q

Where & how does coronary blood go back into the heart?

A

Through the coronary sinus into the right atrium.

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19
Q

What is the foamen ovale

A
  • opening between the atria in fetal heart.
  • closes soon after birth
  • permanent closure occurs 10-21 days after birth
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20
Q

What is the ductus arteriosis

A
  • vascular channel between the pulmonary arter and the aorta.
  • closes w/in 10-15 hours after birth
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21
Q

Stroke volume

A
  • difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume
  • Ranges from 60-100 mL/beat
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22
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by ventricles into pulmonary and systemic circulation in 1 minute
SV x HR = CO
-Avg = 4-8 L/min

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23
Q

Ejection fraction

A

stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume

-Normal range: 50% - 70%

24
Q

Ischemic

A

deprived of O2

25
Q

If cells do not get enough O2 what two things might happen?

A
  • infarction

- necrosis

26
Q

Contractility

A

inherent capability of heart muscle fibers to shorten

  • poor contractility reduces cardiac output
  • increased contractility may stress heart
27
Q

Preload

A

amount of heart muscle fiber tension (or stretch) that exists at end of diastole.

  • Starling’s law of the heart
  • overstretching may cause ineffective contraction
28
Q

Starling’s law of the heart

A

-greater the volume = greater the stretch = greater the force that fibers contract to empty contents.

29
Q

Afterload

A

The force the ventricles must overcome to eject their blood volume.
-The pressure in the arterial system ahead of the ventricles.

30
Q

Which ventricle works harder

A

The left ventricle works harder because it has to overcome systemic vascular resistance.

31
Q

What side of heart does pulmonary circulation?

A

Right side

32
Q

What side of heart does systemic circulation?

A

Left side

33
Q

Cardiac index

A

cardiac output adjusted for the client’s body size.

cardiac output divided by BSA.

34
Q

Where is the SA node located

A

junction of superior vena cava & right atrium

35
Q

What does the SA node do

A

acts as the “pacemaker” of the heart

36
Q

How many impulses does the SA node generate per minute

A

60-100

37
Q

Depolarization

A

phase when the heart contracts.

38
Q

Threshold potential

A

point at which an action potential is capable of being generated

39
Q

Repolarization

A

process that returns the cell to it resting polarized state.

40
Q

Refractory period

A
  • unique property to myocardial cells

- resist stimulation

41
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • requires above normal stimulation to generate an action potential
  • follows the refractory period.
42
Q

Supernormal period

A

mild stimulus will cause depolarization

43
Q

When do many cardiac dysrhythmias occur

A

relative refractory and supernormal periods

44
Q

Pulse

A
  • a wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
  • generally represents stroke volume
45
Q

Peripheral pulse

A

located away from heart (ie wrist, foot)

46
Q

Apical pulse

A

central pulse located at apex of heart

-Also called PMI (point of maximal impulse)

47
Q

Newborn pulse range

A

80-180

48
Q

1 year pulse range

A

80-140

49
Q

5-8 years pulse range

A

75-120

50
Q

10 years pulse range

A

50-90

51
Q

Teen pulse range

A

50-90

52
Q

Adult pulse range

A

60-100

53
Q

Older adult pulse range

A

60-100

54
Q

Hypovolemia does what to heartrate

A

increases

55
Q

Arterial blood pressure

A

measure of pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries.

56
Q

arteriosclerosis

A
  • muscular tissues of arteries are replaced with fibrous tissue.
  • arteries lose much of their ability to constrict & dilate.
57
Q

hematocrit

A

volume percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood

162 Exam #2 (8 decks)

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