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biology a level - mag on quizlet > 2.3 Nucleotides + Nucleic acids > Flashcards

2.3 Nucleotides + Nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of DNA nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose (polymer of nucleotide, phosphate group, and one organic base (adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine)

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2
Q

Components of RNA nucleotide?

A

Ribose (polymer of nucleotide) , a phosphate group, and one organic base (adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil)

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3
Q

Nucleotides join together by?

A

Phosphodiester bonds
- Condensation

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4
Q

DNA and RNA both…?

A

Carry information

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5
Q

What does RNA do?

A

RNA transfers genetic info from DNA to ribosomes

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6
Q

What does DNA do?

A

DNA holds genetic information

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7
Q

Nucleotides consists of..?

A

Pentose (5 carbon sugar), organic base and phosphate group

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8
Q

DNA molecules are…

A

Double helix, composed of 2 polynucleotides joined together by hydrogen bonds.

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9
Q

RNA molecules are…

A

Short and single polynucleotide chains

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10
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Trisphosphate = contains base adenine, sugar ribose and 3 phosphate group

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11
Q

What does ATP and ADP do?

A

Store and transports energy in cells

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12
Q

Adenine and Guanine bases are called?

A

Purine

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13
Q

Cytosine and Thymine bases are called?

A

Pyrimidine

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14
Q

What are purines?

A

Two C nitrogen rings joined together

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15
Q

What are pyrimidine?

A

One C nitrogen rings
(smaller)

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16
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate = contains base adenine, sugar ribose and 2 phosphate groups

17
Q

When energy is used ADP + P turns into..

A

ATP

18
Q

When energy is released ATP turns into…

A

ADP

19
Q

Nucleotides join together to form?

A

Polynucleotides

20
Q

Two polynucleotides strands join together to form?

A

Double helix - 2 DNA strands join by H bonding between bases

21
Q

Complementary pairing?

A

A - T
G - C

22
Q

Self replication of DNA?
(SEMI CONSERVATIVE = ONE NEW STRAND, ONE ORIGINAL)

A
  • Double helix unwinds, H bonds between complementary bases break using DNA helicase (enzyme), this separates two strands of DNA
  • Both strands are used as templates, complementary base pairing occurs between the template + free nucleotides
  • Adjacent nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds (condensation) using DNA polymerase (enzyme)
23
Q

What is a gene?

A

Sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a protein

24
Q

Each amino acid is coded by a sequence of…

A

Three bases (triplet)

25
Q

what is a triplet code?

A

Read in groups of 3 bases

26
Q

Three bases are?

A

A codon

27
Q

What is a codon?

A

Represents one amino acid

28
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA (complementary to DNA)
- made in nucleus
- carries genetic code to cytoplasm, used to make a protein in translation

29
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA (found in cytoplasm carries amino acids to ribosomes)
- found in cytoplasm
has amino acid binding site
carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation

30
Q

What is rRNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA (found in ribosomes)
- forms two subunits in a ribosome
moves along mRNA strand in synthesis, helps catalyse formation of peptide bonds

31
Q

Genetic code is non overlapping and this means?

A

Base triplets don’t share bases.

32
Q

Genetic code is degenerate and this means?

A

Amino acids can be coded for by more than one codon
64 combinations -> 20 amino acids

33
Q

Genetic code is universal and this means?

A

All organisms use the same base code (ATGCU)

34
Q

What is transcription?

A

First stage of protein synthesis.
During this a copy of mRNA copy of a gene (section of DNA) is made in the nucleus

35
Q

Transcription steps?

A

DNA unwinds, unzips
mRNA strand built
free RNA nucleotides pair up (complementary)
sugar phosphate backbone bonded by RNA polymerase
hydrogen bonds break (mRNA + DNA)
mRNA leaves nucleus

36
Q

What is translation?

A

Occurs at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
During this, amino acids are joined together to make a polypeptide chain (protein) following the sequence of codons carried by the mRNA

37
Q

Translation steps?

A

mRNA moves to ribosomes, binds to subunit of ribosome
tRNA (with complementary anticodons) binds to mRNA start codon
specific amino acids attached to tRNA, start codon codes for methionine (AUG)
peptide bonds formed between amino acids (condensation reactions)
catalysed by peptidyl transferase
stop codon - end of polypeptide chain

biology a level - mag on quizlet (9 decks)

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