2.2 Biological Molecules (CARBOHYDRATES) Flashcards
What do carbohydrates consist of?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Carbohydrates are long chains of sugar - what are these called?
Saccharides
What are the three types of saccharides?
Mono, Poly and Di
Monosaccharides join together to make…
disaccharides and polysaccharides by glyosidic bonds
What reaction forms glyosidic bonds
Condensation
What is condensation?
Joins two molecules together (with the formation of a chemical bond)
- Involves the elimination of a molecule of water
What is hydrolysis?
Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules
- Involves the use of a water molecule
What is glucose?
Monosaccharide, contains 6 carbon atoms
- Main substrate for respiration
(Can either be alpha or beta)
Three types of disaccharides?
Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose
What is maltose?
Disaccharide
Formed by condensation of 2 glucose molecules
What is sucrose?
Disaccharide
Formed by condensation of glucose and fructose
What is lactose?
Disaccharide
Formed by condensation of glucose and galactose
Three types of polysaccharides?
Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose
What is starch?
The main energy store materials in plants
What is glycogen?
The main energy storage material in animals
What is cellulose?
The major component of cell walls in plants
Starch?
Cells get energy from glucose. Plants store excess glucose as starch, when it needs more energy it breaks down starch.
Starch is a mixture of 2 polysaccharides of A glucose: amylose and amylopectin.
Starch is insoluble, does not cause water to enter cells via osmosis. Makes it good for storage.
Glycogen?
Animals get energy from glucose. But animals store excess glucose as glycogen (polysaccharide of A glucose)
Similar to amylopectin, but lots of side branches come off of it.
Lots of branches = glucose can be released quickly (imp for energy release)
Compact = Good for storage
Cellulose?
Cellulose is long, unbranched chains of B glucose.
Beta glucose molecules bond to form straight chains of cellulose.
Linked by H bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils. Strong fibres = structural support
What is amylose?
Amylose are long, unbranched chains. The angles of glyosidic bonds = coiled. (like a cylinder). Makes it compact, good for storage as compact.
What is amylopectin?
Amylopectin long, branched chain. Side branches allow enzymes (that break down molecules) to get the glyosidic bonds easily = glucose can be released quickly.
