2.2 Biological Molecules (CARBOHYDRATES)

Question 1

What do carbohydrates consist of?

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 2

Carbohydrates are long chains of sugar - what are these called?

Answer 2

Saccharides

Question 3

What are the three types of saccharides?

Answer 3

Mono, Poly and Di

Question 4

Monosaccharides join together to make…

Answer 4

disaccharides and polysaccharides by glyosidic bonds

Question 5

What reaction forms glyosidic bonds

Answer 5

Condensation

Question 6

What is condensation?

Answer 6

Joins two molecules together (with the formation of a chemical bond)
- Involves the elimination of a molecule of water

Question 7

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 7

Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules
- Involves the use of a water molecule

Question 8

What is glucose?

Answer 8

Monosaccharide, contains 6 carbon atoms
- Main substrate for respiration
(Can either be alpha or beta)

Question 9

Three types of disaccharides?

Answer 9

Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose

Question 10

What is maltose?

Answer 10

Disaccharide
Formed by condensation of 2 glucose molecules

Question 11

What is sucrose?

Answer 11

Disaccharide
Formed by condensation of glucose and fructose

Question 12

What is lactose?

Answer 12

Disaccharide
Formed by condensation of glucose and galactose

Question 13

Three types of polysaccharides?

Answer 13

Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose

Question 14

What is starch?

Answer 14

The main energy store materials in plants

Question 15

What is glycogen?

Answer 15

The main energy storage material in animals

Question 16

What is cellulose?

Answer 16

The major component of cell walls in plants

Question 17

Starch?

Answer 17

Cells get energy from glucose. Plants store excess glucose as starch, when it needs more energy it breaks down starch.
Starch is a mixture of 2 polysaccharides of A glucose: amylose and amylopectin.
Starch is insoluble, does not cause water to enter cells via osmosis. Makes it good for storage.

Question 18

Glycogen?

Answer 18

Animals get energy from glucose. But animals store excess glucose as glycogen (polysaccharide of A glucose)
Similar to amylopectin, but lots of side branches come off of it.
Lots of branches = glucose can be released quickly (imp for energy release)
Compact = Good for storage

Question 19

Cellulose?

Answer 19

Cellulose is long, unbranched chains of B glucose.
Beta glucose molecules bond to form straight chains of cellulose.
Linked by H bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils. Strong fibres = structural support

Question 20

What is amylose?

Answer 20

Amylose are long, unbranched chains. The angles of glyosidic bonds = coiled. (like a cylinder). Makes it compact, good for storage as compact.

Question 21

What is amylopectin?

Answer 21

Amylopectin long, branched chain. Side branches allow enzymes (that break down molecules) to get the glyosidic bonds easily = glucose can be released quickly.