23. intro to animal physiology and nutrition

Question 1

define anatomy

Answer 1

study of FORM/structure (shape, size, apperance) of living animals and the parts of their bodies

Question 2

define physiology

Answer 2

study of how living animals FUNCTION

Question 3

what two factors limit the design of animal bodies? define them

Answer 3

physical laws: gravity

exchange wit hthe envionrment: an animals body plan must allow its cells to be in contact with fluid to exchange nutrients

Question 4

what are the four structural organisations?

Answer 4

• the cell
• tissues
• organs and organ systems
• whole animal

Question 5

what are three factors that affect exchange of nutrients, gases and wastes between the animal and the enviornment

Answer 5

large surface area

short distance

strong concentration gradient (diffusion from high concentration to low)

Question 6

what is intracelluar digestion?

Answer 6

used in simple animals - food particles are brought into the body cells by phagocyosis and digestion occurs at the same time (less efficent)

Question 7

define homeostasis and what are the three factors of it?

Answer 7

homeostasis is maintaing a relatively stable environment.

receptor

control centre

effector

Question 8

why must macromolecules be broken down before they can be used as fuel? two points

Answer 8

must be broken down into monomers because macromolecules are too large to pass through membranes and enter cells

macromolecules use by the body are not the same as macromolecules in food, so monomers must be reassembled into different forms in the body

Question 9

define extracelluar digestion

Answer 9

chemical digestion occuring outside of the body cells. occurs in the gastrointestinal tract

Question 10

what is a gastrovascular cavity?

Answer 10

in simple animals, a digestive sac with a single opening so food and waste go out the same opening

Question 11

what is an alimentary canal?

Answer 11

in complex animals, has two openings - one at either end of the animals body. food runs in one direction

Question 12

what are the four stages of food processing? what happens at each stage?

Answer 12

ingestion - animal gets food into digestive system

digestion - breakdown of large macromolecules (intracelluar or extracelluar)

absorbtion - passage of digested nutrients through the tract wall into the body (small and large intestine)

elimination - undigested material removed out of the GI tract

Question 13

why do carnivours have larger and more expandable stomachs?

Answer 13

related to form and function - to cope with larger, less frequent meals (energy efficent)