23. Hierarchy of Controls Flashcards
Most common hierarchy of control stated by___, they are also in ____ standard
NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
ISO 45001
Levels of PPE
Should be selected when the highest level of respiratory protection is needed and some degree of skin protection is required. This is the minimum recommendation for initial site entry where contamination is unknown.
Level B
Comprised of normal, everyday work clothes with no respiratory protection and minimal skin protection, although optional PPE can be added.
Level D
Should be selected when the types and concentrations of airborne contaminants are known, the criteria for using air-purifying respirators are met, and direct contact does not pose a skin hazard.
Level C
The highest level of protection. This is required when: * Conditions at a site are unknown; * Hazardous substances have been identified that require a high level of protection for skin, eyes, and the respiratory system; * There is potential for splash, immersion, or exposure to vapors, particulates, or gases that are harmful to the skin or may be absorbed through the skin; * Confined-space entry may be involved and the need for Level A cannot be ruled out; AND, * The skin absorption hazard may likely result in immediate death or serious illness or injury, or impair the ability to escape.
Level A
Which institutions describe the four levels of PPE?
OSHA and EPA
Modified leve D PPE?
Same as level D in respiration protection but skin protection is the same to the level C
Modified leve D PPE?
Same as level D in respiration protection but skin protection is the same to the level C
This is the movement of chemicals through zippers, seams, or imperfections in a protective clothing material.
Penetration
The process by which a chemical dissolves in, or moves through, a material on a molecular basis.
Permeation
An acceptable CPC is one where the ______ exceeds the expected period of CPC use
permeation breakthrough time
Factors that affects the permeation
- Time of exposition
- Concentration (pressure)
- Temperature
- Physical state
Where is available information about chemicals and CPC?
- SDS
- CPC manufacturers
- NIOSH
- CDC (Center for Desease Control and Exposure)
An approach that prioritizes a hazard-free and healthy work environment through the application of a hazard control and prevention approach, consistent with the traditional hierarchy of controls model.
Total Worker Health
According to NIOSH, this must perform the following five control steps in order, or simultaneously:
TOTAL WORKER HEALTH HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS MODEL
- Eliminate workplace conditions that cause or contribute to worker illness and injury or otherwise negatively impact well-being;
- Replace unsafe, unhealthy working conditions or practices with safer, health-enhancing policies, programs, and management practices that improve the culture of safety and health in the workplace;
- Redesign the work environment to remove impediments to well-being, enhance employer-sponsored benefits, and provide flexible work schedules;
- Provide safety and health education and resources to enhance individual knowledge for all workers; AND,
- Encourage personal change that will assist workers with individual risks and challenges and provide support for healthier choices.
Total Worker Health
The Total Worker Health (TWH) approach prioritizes a hazard-free work environment for all workers. It also brings together all aspects of work in integrated interventions that collectively address worker safety, health, and well-being. Traditional occupational safety and health protection programs have primarily concentrated on ensuring that work is safe and that workers are protected from the harms that arise from work itself. TWH builds on this approach through the recognition that work is a social determinant of healthexternal icon. Job-related factors such as wages, work hours, workload, interactions with coworkers and supervisors, and access to paid leave impact the well-being of workers, their families, and their communities. The long-term vision of the TWH program is to protect the safety and health of workers and advance their well-being by creating safer and healthier work.
___; an arc welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld.
TIG: Tungsten Inert Gas
___: an arc welding process in which a continuous solid wire electrode is fed through a welding gun and into the weld pool, joining the two base materials together. A shielding gas is also sent through the welding gun and protects the weld pool from contamination.
Metal Inert Gas
A gas safety device most commonly used in oxy-fuel welding and cutting to stop the flame or reverse flow of gas back up into the equipment or supply line.
Flashback Arrestor
Separation of gas fuel containers from oxygen container
20 feet (6 m) or
A non-combustible barrier of 5 ft (1.5 m) of height and 30 minute fire-resistance, also, barrier must be extend 18 in above or beyond the tallest cylinder
The primary voltage inside the welding equipment can be as high as ___ and a welder can be shocked by touching two different objects with voltage differences.
600 volts
Which is associated to arc welding as a serious hazard?
Electric Shock
Gas welding often uses ____ with the combination of a torch to form a flame.
Acetylene
Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work
NFPA 51B “Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work”
Radius of protection in hot work
35 feet (10.7 m)
According NFPA 51B, hot work permit is necessary when it is no possible to warranty ____
The 35 ft protection radius
Designated area
A specific location designed and approved for hot work. operations that is maintained fire safe such as a maintenance shop or a detached outside location. that is of noncombustible or fire-resistive construction, essentially free of combustible
How long should the hot work permit main posted?
The entire time of the hot work
These refer to the failures in the management system.
Root causes
What safety standard includes in addition: scope of the incidents to be investigated, timeframes and who should participate in the process?
ANSI Z-10 OSH Management System
These describe the characteristic performance of the system as a whole, looking beyond the structure and components of the system. (accident investigation)
Systemic Accident Models
An example of a systemic model is the ________________ which is a comprehensive and analytical method for determining the causes and contributing factors of major incidents.
Management Oversight and Risk Tree
A second example of a systemic accident model is the __________. This views the causes of incidents as inadequate control or enforcement of safety-related constraints on the design, development, and operation of the system.
Systems-Theoretic Accident Modeling and Processes
Which investigation method is related to six sigma quality methodology and to Toyota?
The 5 Whys
Which methods of investigation have their roots in quality assurance?
The 5 Whys
Fishbone / Ishikawa / Cause Effect Diagram
In ___ analysis, most of the effort is directed at identifying problems in the control of a work/process and deficiencies in the protective barriers associated with it. These problems are then analysed for their origins in planning, design, policy, etc
Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) analysis
The ___ includes the ability to analyze an incident using knowledge of system functions, characteristics, and component interrelationships instead of assumptions or beliefes. It is base in the theory of systems and control
Systems-Theoretic Accident Modeling and Processes (STAMP)
____ refers to inspections as checklists and discusses how they can be one of the tools used to hazard identification and assessment.
ANSI Z10
Which is a benefit of use team-approach in an inspection?
Create awareness
Which information does the first section of inspection report contain?
Equipment being inspected
When planning for a safety audit, which should be asked for?
Why are the audits being done?
Criterion selection for audits must be (3)
- Valid
- Sensitive
- Measurable
OSHA Safety and Health Self-evaluation tool (for audits) (7)
- Management leadership
- Hazard identification and assessment
- Hazard prevention and control
- Training and education
- Worker participation
- Program evaluation and improvement
- Communication and coordination for contractors, host employers and staffing agencies
Issues considered in ANSI Z.10 for conducting audits, which then are divided into 23 sections
- Hazards
- Risks
- Management system deficiencies
- Opportunities for improvement
What is the LIKERT scale?
To assess audits:
1. Outstanding
2. Excellent
3. Very good
4. Average
5. Below average
During the post-audit meeting, the auditor should be sure to distinguish between documentation and ___
Performance
In tort law, a ___ is a legal obligation that is imposed on an individual, requiring adherence to a standard of reasonable care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others. It is the first element that must be established to proceed with an action in negligence.
DUTY OF CARE
When can a breach of duty of care occurs?
When there is a proximate harm.
Which is the purpose con a Code of Ethics?
To establish the highest principles and standards in a profession.
BCSP Code of Ethics
1st Standard
- HOLD paramount the safety and health of people, the protection of the environment and protection of property in the performance of professional duties and exercise their obligation to advise employers, clients, employees, the public, and appropriate authorities of danger and unacceptable risks to people, the environment, or property.
BCSP Code of Ethics
2nd Standard
BE honest, fair, and impartial; act with responsibility and integrity. Adhere to high standards of ethical conduct with balanced care for the interests of the public, employers, clients, employees, colleagues and the profession. Avoid all conduct or practice that is likely to discredit the profession or deceive the public.
BCSP Code of Ethics
3rd Standard
ISSUE public statements only in an objective and truthful manner and only when founded upon knowledge of the facts and competence in the subject matter.
BCSP Code of Ethics
4th Standard
UNDERTAKE assignments only when qualified by education or experience in the specific technical fields involved. Accept responsibility for their continued professional development by acquiring and maintaining competence through continuing education, experience, professional training and keeping current on relevant legal issues.
BCSP Code of Ethics
5th Standard
AVOID deceptive acts that falsify or misrepresent their academic or professional qualifications. Not misrepresent or exaggerate their degree of responsibility in or for the subject matter of prior assignments. Presentations incident to the solicitation of employment shall not misrepresent pertinent facts concerning employers, employees, associates, or past accomplishments with the intent and purpose of enhancing their qualifications and their work.
BCSP Code of Ethics
6th Standard
CONDUCT their professional relations by the highest standards of integrity and avoid compromise of their professional judgment by conflicts of interest. When becoming aware of professional misconduct by a BCSP certificant, take steps to bring that misconduct to the attention of the Board of Certified Safety Professionals.
BCSP Code of Ethics
7th Standard
ACT in a manner free of bias with regard to religion, ethnicity, gender, age, national origin, sexual orientation, or disability.
BCSP Code of Ethics
8th Standard
SEEK opportunities to be of constructive service in civic affairs and work for the advancement of the safety, health and well- being of their community and their profession by sharing their knowledge and skills.
BCSP certification policies (3)
- Criminal conviction
- Disciplinary action
- Appeals process
A request for appeal must be submitted to the ____ within _____
BCSP CEO
60 days
Who has the authority to extend an appeal review and decision?
The Judicial Commission
A group of appointed CSP-certification holders that hear appeals and complaints made concerning denial of the ability to apply for a credentialing exam or complaints made under the Code of Ethics.
Judicial Commission
Machine parts (3)
- Point of operation (more dangerous)
- Operating controls
- Power transmission device
The application of power to a slide or knife in order to trim or shear metal or other materials.
Shearing action
Movement in a straight, continuous line that creates a hazard because a worker may be struck or caught in a pinch or shear point by the moving part.
Transverse movement
When power is applied to a slide (ram) for the purpose of blanking, drawing, or stamping metal or other materials.
Punching action
In-running nip points and pinch points
When two or more moving objects move progressively closer until they contact
Machine hazard analysis should consider ____
Task, materials, tools, environment
___ is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes on a machine or a system. It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem in order to solve it, and make the product or process operational again.
Troubleshooting
A guard used on machine components that require frequent access or interaction. When this type of guard is opened or removed, a tripping mechanism shuts off the power source and/or disengages the component connected to the interlock.
Interlock barrier guard
Guards that prevent the operator from reaching into the danger area and may require frequent inspection and regular maintenance. They protect the operator during the entire machine stroke.
Type A gates
Guards that provide a barrier between the danger area and the operator during the downstroke. they protect the operator during the downstroke only.
Type B gates
Devices that have a probe or contact bar which descends to a preset distance when the operator starts the machine operation. If the machine detects an obstruction preventing it from descending to the pre-set distance, then the control circuit does not engage the machine.
electromechanical device
Electric eyes or light curtains that stop the machine’s operating cycle if the light field is broken. This type of device is specific to machines that can be stopped before the worker can access the danger area.
photoelectric device
Also known as capacitance devices, these devices use radio beams that are part of the machine’s control circuit. When the capacitance field is broken, the machine will stop.
radio frequency devices
A series of cables attached to the operator’s hands, wrists, and/or arms. This type of device is primarily used on machines with stroking action.
pullback device
Floor mats that are interlocked into the machine’s control system to stop operation when weight is applied to a mat.
Presence_sensing mats
____ or age-related hearing loss, is a common cause of hearing loss worldwide, affecting more than half of all adults by age 75 years, most adults over the age of 80, and nearly all adults who are 90 or older.
Presbycusis
This is the sound energy transferred per second from the noise source to the air. A noise source, such as a compressor or drum, has a given constant that does not change if the source is placed in a different environment. This is expressed in units called watts.
Sound power
Positive pressure disturbances of the air ____, negative pressure disturbances of the air ____
Compressions
Rarefactions
Unit of measure of frequency
Hertz = 1 cycle / s
Speed increases as the _____ of the medium _____ and its _____ (of the medium) _____.
density …. increases
elasticity …. decreases
Speed of the sound (formula)
speed = frequency x wavelength
Decibel
It is a measure of the sound pressure, which is a logarithmic scale.
On a decibel scale, the threshold of pain occurs at ____ dB
140 dB (fireworks)
The dBA sound level meter applies to the ___ frequencies (human ear) as opposed to the dBC sound level meter that measures ___ frequencies (environmental).
higher
lower
Sound Pressure is measured in ____ units, if it is converted to dB it is called _____
Pascal (Pa)
Sound pressure level
Inverse Square Law of the Sound
As a general rule, doubling the sound power increases the sound level by ___ dB
Three dB
What is sound intensity?
Sound Power / Unit Area
This is the amount of air pressure fluctuation a noise source creates. We “hear” or perceive this as loudness. It also depends on the environment in which the source is located, and the listener’s distance from the source. This is usually expressed in units called pascals.
Sound pressure
Z-Weighting scale
La “Z” significa cero; esta ponderación produce una respuesta de frecuencia plana entre 10 Hz y 20.000 Hz, lo que significa que no hay ninguna alteración en la medición real, a pesar de cómo un humano podría percibir realmente el ruido. En efecto, es como no tener ningún filtro. Esto es útil para el análisis de la banda de octava y para determinar el ruido ambiental.
The three stages of hearing
Modification
The process by which the acoustic wave is received by the outer ear and directed to the eardrum. Sound reaches the eardrum as variations in air pressure.
Conversion
The modified acoustic wave is converted to vibration of the eardrum. These vibrations are amplified by the ossicles, which are small bones located in the middle ear that transmit sound pressure to the inner ear. The vibrations are then transmitted as wave energy through the liquid of the inner ear and cochlea.
Transformation
Then, the wave is transformed into nerve impulses that travel to the brain, which perceives and interprets the impulse as sound. The cilia of nerve cells in the inner ear, called hair cells, respond to the location of movement of the basilar membrane and, depending on their position in the decreasing radius of the spiral-shaped cochlea, activate the auditory nerve to transmit information that the brain can interpret as pitch and loudness.
This results from any condition in the outer or middle ear that interferes with sound passing to the inner ear. This may be reversible through medical or surgical treatment. It is characterized by relatively uniformly reduced hearing across all frequencies in hearing tests, with no reduction during hearing tests that transmit sound through bone conduction.
Conductive hearing loss
This is a permanent condition that usually cannot be treated medically or surgically, and is associated with irreversible damage to the inner ear. The normal aging process and excessive noise exposure are both notable causes.
Sensorineural hearing loss
This is one of the most common occupational illnesses, it is often ignored because there are no visible effects. It usually develops over a long period of time, and, except in rare cases, there is no pain.
Noise-induced hearing loss
Primary effects of noise
Noise induced threshold shifts
acoustic trauma
tinnitus
Tinnitus
Tinnitus is commonly described as a ringing in the ears, but it also can sound like roaring, clicking, hissing, or buzzing. It may be soft or loud, high pitched or low pitched. You might hear it in either one or both ears. Roughly 10 percent of the adult population of the United States has experienced tinnitus lasting at least five minutes in the past year. This amounts to nearly 25 million Americans.
What causes tinnitus?
Tinnitus (pronounced tin-NY-tus or TIN-u-tus) is not a disease. It is a symptom that something is wrong in the auditory system
Acoustic trauma
Acoustic trauma is a common cause of sensory hearing loss. Damage to the hearing mechanisms within the inner ear may be caused by: Explosion near the ear. Firing a gun near the ear. Long-term exposure to loud noises (such as loud music or machinery)
Difference between permissible exposure limits and recommended exposure limits (noise)
PEL
US OSHA regulations include a PEL of ninety dBa for eight hours, and an action level of eighty-five dBa for eight hours. In the United States and some other countries, a five dB exchange rate is used in noise regulation. In this case, for every five dB increase in noise level the allowable exposure time is reduced by half.
REL
NIOSH, establishes RELs, to protect workers from occupational noise exposures at eighty-five decibels, as an A-weighted, eight-hour time-weighted average. This dose limit uses a three decibels time-intensity tradeoff commonly referred to as the exchange rate, or equal-energy rule: for every three decibels increase in noise level, the allowable exposure time is reduced by half.
Percent Dose Formula (noise)
PDF% = (C1 / T1 + C2 / T2 + … + Cn / Tn) x 100
C1: (hours) duration of time exposed
T1: (hours) allowable duration (according to OSHA standard, 90 db = 8 h, 95 db= 4h, 100dB = 2h)
If PDF is greater than 100%, the noise exposure exceeds the OSHA PEL.
This is to determine employee noise exposures and can be conducted by measuring work area sound pressure levels to estimate employees eight-hour time-weighted average exposures, or personal noise monitoring can be performed.
Noise survey
This consists of a microphone, electronic circuits, and a readout display. The readout displays the sound level in decibels, measuring the sound pressure level at one instant in a particular location. To take measurements, the microphone is held at arm’s length at the ear height for those exposed to the noise.
Sound level meter
Hearing Conservation Program
In the United States, for example, employers must administer a continuing, effective program whenever employee noise exposures are at or above an eight hour time-weighted average, or TWA of eighty-five dBA or, equivalently, a dose of fifty percent.
How much time a dosimeter must be held by a worker?
The entire or partial shift.
An ___ is a painless, noninvasive hearing test that measures a person’s ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies.
audiometry evaluation
This can involve vibration damping materials, vibration isolation, and silencers. (to control noise)
retrofitting
To reduce noise caused by mechanical impacts, consider reducing excessive driving forces, reducing speed and maintaining equipment in good working order.
Modification
Engineering methods to control noise
- Modification
- Retrofit
- Substitution
- Relocation
- Path and receiver treatment
Types of HPD
Hear Protection Devices:
1. Ear plugs
2. Ear muffs (“orejeras”)
Reduced Noise Level (formula)
RNL = Noise Level - (NRR - 7 ) / 2
NRR: Noise reduction rating
STS (audiometry testing)
Standard Threshold Shift is a change of 10 or greater dB in the frequencies of 2K, 3K and 4K Hertz.
Which program includes audiograms (baseline and annual), training and follow-up procedures?
Audiometric testing program
Which is the leading cause of work-related injuries and deaths in US?
Motor vehicles crashes
Minimum requirements of a fleet safety program?
- Driver selection
- Motor vehicle reports
- Road tests
- Training
- Incident reporting
- Inspections
What is ANSI/ASSP Z15.1
Safe Practices for Motor Vehicle Operations
It is a management system standard with the best practices for safe operations of vehicles on public roads. Includes DOT regulated / non-regulated vehicles.
A vehicle that is used strictly for transportation purposes that is not intended for use for earning income.
Non-Commercial Vehicle
Groups of motor vehicles owned or leased by a business, government agency or other organization rather than by an individual or family.
Fleet vehicles
A vehicle used for carrying goods or fare-paying passengers.
Commercial-Vehicle
How a vehicle will perform in an accident, how the vehicle will protect the occupants, and how expensive the vehicle will be to repair. Some considerations for low-speed collisions includes bumpers and whiplash, while high speed collisions include crumple zones, rollovers and side impacts.
Crashworthiness
Securing devices to attach cargo securely to an anchor point on the trailer.
Tie downs
A method that uses one or a combination of vehicle structure, securing devices, and/or blocking and bracing equipment. The system must be appropriate for the cargo’s size, shape, strength, and characteristics.
Securement system
Fleet emergency equipment
Cones, triangles, fire extinguishers, first aid kits, camera for incident documentation, and snow chains.
Airbags installed in the roof to provide head protection during impacts and retain occupants during rollovers.
Curtain airbags
The information gathered about the operation of a motor vehicle, its engine and other mechanical and electronic systems and driver behavior.
Telematics
What is the primary goal in journey management?
Avoid unnecessary driving
Operating a motor vehicle while you are affected by alcohol and/or legal or illegal drugs
Impaired driving
Distraction types while driving
- Manual distractions
- Visual distractions
- Cognitive distractions
Most vehicle incidents are caused by ___
Driver behavior
United Nations document that provides harmonized classification criteria for health, physical, and environmental hazards of chemicals. It also includes standardized label elements that are assigned to these hazard classes and categories. The book also provides the appropriate signal words, pictograms, and hazard and precautionary statements to convey the hazards to users. A standardized order of information for safety data sheets is also provided.
Globally Harmonized System of Classification
An inherent property of a substance that is capable of causing an adverse effect.
Hazard (GHS definition)
Any chemical that is classified as a physical hazard, a health hazard, a simple asphyxiant, combustible dust, pyrophoric gas, or hazard not otherwise classified is considered a hazardous chemical.
Hazardous Chemical (GHS definition)
The purple Book
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemical
UN publication
The division of criteria within each hazard classification.
Hazard Categories
____, elaborated by OSHA, is now aligned with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS).
The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
SDS format
- identification
- Hazard identification
- Composition
- First-aid measures
- Fire-fighting measures
- Accidental release measures
- Handling and storage
- Exposure control/personal protection
- Physical and chemical properties
- Stability and reactivity
- Toxicological information
- Ecological information
- Disposal considerations
- Transport information
- Regulatory information
- Other information
___are chemicals that pose one of the following hazardous effects: acute toxicity; skin corrosion or irritation; serious eye damage or eye irritation; respiratory or skin sensitization; germ cell mutagenicity; carcinogenicity; reproductive toxicity; specific target organ toxicity; or, aspiration hazard.
Health Hazard (GHS definition)
Chemicals that pose one of the following hazardous effects: explosive; flammable in the form of gases, aerosols, liquids, or solids; oxidizer whether they are liquid, solid or gas; self-reactive; pyrophoric; self-heating; organic peroxide; corrosive to metal; gas under pressure; or, when in contact with water emits flammable gas.
Physical hazards (GHS definition)
Used to indicate to the reader the chemical’s potential hazards and relative levels of severity. There are only two words used as _____, “Danger” and “Warning.” “Danger” indicates more severe hazards.
Signal words
Chemical label sections
- Name, address and phone number
- Product identifier
- Signal word
- Hazard statements
- Precautionary statements
- Pictograms
The standard for the identification of hazardous materials and emergency response. These signs can be found on reagent bottles, gas tanks, vehicles that transport chemicals, and doors to rooms containing certain chemicals. The main purpose is to quickly indicate to first responders and fire fighters the dangers presented by the substances.
NFPA 704 Fire Diamond
NFPA 704: Flammability numbers
0: Nor burn
1: Above 200 ºF
2: Below 200 ºF
3: Below 100 ºF
4: Below 73 ºF
What means SA in the white square of the NFPA 704 fire diamond?
Simple Asphyxiant Gases
___ should include the requirements of the hazard communication standard, hazards of chemicals, appropriate protective measures and where and how to obtain more information.
Hazard Communication training
Hazard Communication Plan should include
- Chemical inventory
- Labeling method
- SDS
- Employee training
- Contractor/third party hazard communication
Hazard Communication Program
- Plan with responsibilities
- Labeling method
- Managing SDS
- Training
- Regular review of the program
