23/02/24 (morning) Flashcards

1
Q

At what age is hypospadias surgery done?

A

Around 12 months of life

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1
Q

Signs of aspiration pneumonia?

A
  • Neurological injury/impaired consciousness, assisted feeding/swallowing difficulties, tracheostomy, poor dental hygiene, prolonged hospital stay, surgical procedures, mucocilliary clearance
  • Patchy consolidation in right lower lobe
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2
Q

Most common type of prostate cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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3
Q

Migraine management?

A
  • Acute: triptan + NSAID orr paracetamol
  • Prophylaxis: topiramate or propanolol
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4
Q

Causes of raised TLCO?

A

Asthma, pulmonary haemorrhage (Goodpasture’s, Wegener’s), left-to-right cardiac shunts, polycythaemia, hyperkinetic states, males, exercise

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5
Q

Causes of reduced TLCO?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, emphysema, pulmonary emboli, pulmonary oedema, anaemia, low cardiac output

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6
Q

Metastatic bone pain may respond to what?

A

1)Strong opioids
2) Bisphosphonates
3) Radiotherapy

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7
Q

Inducing remission in ulcerative colitis?

A

1) Topical aminosalicylate
2) Topical aminosalicylate + oral aminosalicylate
3) Topical aminosalicylate + oral aminosalicylate + oral steroid
4) If >2 relapses or sever exacerbation start oral azathioprine or mercaptopurine

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8
Q

Inducing remission in Crohn’s?

A

1) Oral steroids
2) Oral steroids + 5-ASA
3) Oral steroids + 5-ASA + azathiprine or mercaptopurine

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9
Q

What illness does toxoplasmosis often mimic, what are some reservoirs, what is the investigation and what is the management?

A
  • EBV (fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy)
  • Usual reservoir is cats, but can be in rats or undercooked pork
  • Serology is invstigation of choice
  • Disease is self-limmiting in immunocomptent patints but if severe or cerebral infction can give pyrimethamine plus sulphadiazine for at least 6 weeks
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10
Q

Signs of rectal inflammation (bloody painful diarrhoea and tenesmus) on background of prostate cancer radiotherapy suggests what?

A

Proctitis

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11
Q

Fatigue, macrocytic anaemia and swollen red tongue suggest what and hat antibodies are most useful to test for it?

A
  • B12 deficiency
  • Intrinsic facto antibodies
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12
Q

Risk factors for DDH?

A

Female, breech position, family history, first child, oligohydramnios, macrosomia, congenital calconeovalgus foot deformity

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13
Q

What is the general ASA grading

A

I) Normal healthy patient
II) Mild systemic disease
III) Severe systemic disease
IV) Severe systemic disease that is constant threat to life
V) Patient at point of death who won’t survive without surgery
VI) Confirmed braindead, organs being removed for donor purposes

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14
Q

What can cause raised PSA?

A

BPH, prostatitis and UTI, prostate cancer, urinary retention, instrumentation of urinary tract, ejaculation in last 48 hours, vigorous mercies in last 48 hours (particularly things like cycling)

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15
Q

What gastrointestinal side fact can be caused by oral magnesium salts?

A

Diarrhoea

16
Q

What is the investigation for priapism?

A

Cavernosal blood gas sampling, doppler or duplex US, FBC and toxicology

17
Q

What are the causes of bilateral hilarity lymphadenopathy on X-ray?

A
  • Tuberculosis and sarcoidosis are the main 2
  • Also caused by lymphoma, pneumoconiosis, fungi
18
Q

Signs of child sexual abuse?

A

Pregnancy, STIs, recurrent UTIs, sexually precocious behaviour, anal fissures and bruising, reflex anal dilatation, enuresis and encopresis, behavioural problems (self harm), recurrent symptoms (e.g. headache, abdominal pain)

19
Q

What conditions are associated with thickened nuchal translucency?

A

Downs, congenital heart defects, abdominal wall defects

20
Q

What conditions are associated with a hyperechoic bowel on antenatal ultrasound scan?

A

Cystic fibrosis, Downs, CMV

21
Q

What can differentiate between Klinefelter’s syndrome and Kallman’s syndrome?

A

Kallman’s presents with anosmia whereas Klinefelter’s doesn’t

22
Q

What antibiotic is given for the eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Ciprofloxacin