227 Exam Flashcards
What are the bases of power? (5)
Referent, reward, legitimate, expert, coercive
In regards to bases of power, what is referent power?
- Associated with charisma and being approachable; characteristics of the person
In regards to bases of power, what is reward power?
- Ability to provide others with rewards in exchange for work you need completed
In regards to bases of power, what is legitimate power?
- Power provided by a role or position (authority), not associated with the person
In regards to bases of power, what is Expert power?
- Knowledge, experience and skills (expertise)
In regards to bases of power, what is coercive power?
- Ability to force someone to do something against their will
What 3 forces determine effective leadership?
Situational, managerial, employee
What are the 2 types of leadership behaviour approaches?
Boss-centered leadership, employee centred leadership
What topic referes to the Relationship between a leader and the employee (based on
social exchange theory)
LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE (LMX) THEORY
A high level of LMX requires what 3 things?
mutual degree of trust, open
communication and respect
What are the 2 bottom line leadership behaviours?
Consideration, initiating structure
A decision strategy that is completely informed, perfectly logical, and oriented toward economic gain is what type of rationality?
Perfect rationality
A decision strategy that relies on limited information and considers time constraints and politics is what type of rationality?
Bounded rationality
What are the rational decision making process steps? (5)
Define Problem, identify alternatives, decide, implement, learn
taking credit for successful outcomes (dispositional factors) and denying credit for failures (situational factors). This is what type of bias?
self serving bias
attributing (explaining) a person’s behaviour to internal reasons instead of external reasons i.e., personality (disposition) vs. situational factors. this is what type of error?
Fundamental attribution error
What are the different cognitive biases? (5)
Availability bias, representative bias, anchoring & adjustment bias, Confirmation Bias, Confidence bias.
More likely to make judgements based on readily available (familiar/recent)
information is what type of bias? (police shootings or airplane crashes—you will believe it is more common)
Availability bias
- Making judgments (decisions) based on how people or situations match certain stereotypes (mental shortcuts) is what type of bias?
Representative bias
- Relying (‘being attached) to information presented to make a decision is what type of bias? (a used car salesman (or any salesman) can offer a very high price to start negotiations that are arguably well above the fair value)
Anchoring & Adjustment Bias
Collecting information that supports (confirms) our intuition or pre-existing
belief is what type of bias?
Confirmation Bias
- Belief that we posses the ability to defy odds (outside of ‘reasonable’ limits) is what type of bias
Confidence Bias
Post hoc ergo propter hoc, or “after this, therefore, because of
this,” is a logical fallacy; that assumes what?
because one event
follows another, the first event caused the second event
[. ] is the tendency to attribute an event or behavior to an external factor, or the situation
Situational attribution
[. ] bias is the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to external causes
Actor-observer
[. ] bias is the tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors, and our failures to external, situational factors.
Self-serving
what are the 3 limitations
Generalizations, probability, refinement
Identify and present the existence of any generalizations in the evidence (data). This is what type of limitation?
Generalizations
- Plausibility of the claim despite ‘constraints’ of the evidence. This is what type of limitation?
Probability
Qualification of the context of the claim, ‘put it into perspective’. This is what type of limitation?
Refinement
What are the 5 approaches to resolving conflict? DACOI
Integrating (lets find the ideal outcome), Obliging (sure, whatever you say)
Dominating (my way or the highway)
Avoiding (conflict, nothing is wrong)
Compromising (lets meet halfway)
What is BATNA
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. ) - the outcome (alternative) if
we do not negotiate or cannot reach an agreement i.e., the ‘minimum’ option that you
are willing to accept.
What are the stages of the negotiation process? (6)
Prepare, understand needs, list and discuss options, use process tactics, end negotiation, evaluate.
What are the characteristics of a high performing team (5)
Complementary skills, shared purpose, productive norms, mutual accountability, small size.
What are the 5Cs for proper team work
- Confidence, Cooperation, Coordination, Cohesion and Conflict
Straightforward exchange; setting goals, providing direction in to ‘receive’
rewards (operational & tactical). This is what type of leadership?
Transactional leadership
When identifying the sources of conflict, what are the 5 sources? PPEIR
information, perception, role, environment, personal
In regards to quality of evidence, What is SPAARC
Sufficiency, precision, accuracy, authority, representativness, clarity
Establishing commitment through a new vision and change in beliefs & attitudes,
higher levels of performance (strategic).This is what type of leadership?
transformational
