227 Exam

Question 1

What are the bases of power? (5)

Answer 1

Referent, reward, legitimate, expert, coercive

Question 2

In regards to bases of power, what is referent power?

Answer 2

• Associated with charisma and being approachable; characteristics of the person

Question 3

In regards to bases of power, what is reward power?

Answer 3

• Ability to provide others with rewards in exchange for work you need completed

Question 4

In regards to bases of power, what is legitimate power?

Answer 4

• Power provided by a role or position (authority), not associated with the person

Question 5

In regards to bases of power, what is Expert power?

Answer 5

• Knowledge, experience and skills (expertise)

Question 6

In regards to bases of power, what is coercive power?

Answer 6

• Ability to force someone to do something against their will

Question 7

What 3 forces determine effective leadership?

Answer 7

Situational, managerial, employee

Question 8

What are the 2 types of leadership behaviour approaches?

Answer 8

Boss-centered leadership, employee centred leadership

Question 9

What topic referes to the Relationship between a leader and the employee (based on
social exchange theory)

Answer 9

LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE (LMX) THEORY

Question 10

A high level of LMX requires what 3 things?

Answer 10

mutual degree of trust, open
communication and respect

Question 11

What are the 2 bottom line leadership behaviours?

Answer 11

Consideration, initiating structure

Question 12

A decision strategy that is completely informed, perfectly logical, and oriented toward economic gain is what type of rationality?

Answer 12

Perfect rationality

Question 13

A decision strategy that relies on limited information and considers time constraints and politics is what type of rationality?

Answer 13

Bounded rationality

Question 14

What are the rational decision making process steps? (5)

Answer 14

Define Problem, identify alternatives, decide, implement, learn

Question 15

taking credit for successful outcomes (dispositional factors) and denying credit for failures (situational factors). This is what type of bias?

Answer 15

self serving bias

Question 16

attributing (explaining) a person’s behaviour to internal reasons instead of external reasons i.e., personality (disposition) vs. situational factors. this is what type of error?

Answer 16

Fundamental attribution error

Question 17

What are the different cognitive biases? (5)

Answer 17

Availability bias, representative bias, anchoring & adjustment bias, Confirmation Bias, Confidence bias.

Question 18

More likely to make judgements based on readily available (familiar/recent)
information is what type of bias? (police shootings or airplane crashes—you will believe it is more common)

Answer 18

Availability bias

Question 19

• Making judgments (decisions) based on how people or situations match certain stereotypes (mental shortcuts) is what type of bias?

Answer 19

Representative bias

Question 20

• Relying (‘being attached) to information presented to make a decision is what type of bias? (a used car salesman (or any salesman) can offer a very high price to start negotiations that are arguably well above the fair value)

Answer 20

Anchoring & Adjustment Bias

Question 21

Collecting information that supports (confirms) our intuition or pre-existing
belief is what type of bias?

Answer 21

Confirmation Bias

Question 22

• Belief that we posses the ability to defy odds (outside of ‘reasonable’ limits) is what type of bias

Answer 22

Confidence Bias

Question 23

Post hoc ergo propter hoc, or “after this, therefore, because of
this,” is a logical fallacy; that assumes what?

Answer 23

because one event
follows another, the first event caused the second event

Question 24

[. ] is the tendency to attribute an event or behavior to an external factor, or the situation

Answer 24

Situational attribution

Question 25

[. ] bias is the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to external causes

Answer 25

Actor-observer

Question 26

[. ] bias is the tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors, and our failures to external, situational factors.

Answer 26

Self-serving

Question 27

what are the 3 limitations

Answer 27

Generalizations, probability, refinement

Question 28

Identify and present the existence of any generalizations in the evidence (data). This is what type of limitation?

Answer 28

Generalizations

Question 29

• Plausibility of the claim despite ‘constraints’ of the evidence. This is what type of limitation?

Answer 29

Probability

Question 30

Qualification of the context of the claim, ‘put it into perspective’. This is what type of limitation?

Answer 30

Refinement

Question 31

What are the 5 approaches to resolving conflict? DACOI

Answer 31

Integrating (lets find the ideal outcome), Obliging (sure, whatever you say)
Dominating (my way or the highway)
Avoiding (conflict, nothing is wrong)
Compromising (lets meet halfway)

Question 32

What is BATNA

Answer 32

Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. ) - the outcome (alternative) if
we do not negotiate or cannot reach an agreement i.e., the ‘minimum’ option that you
are willing to accept.

Question 33

What are the stages of the negotiation process? (6)

Answer 33

Prepare, understand needs, list and discuss options, use process tactics, end negotiation, evaluate.

Question 34

What are the characteristics of a high performing team (5)

Answer 34

Complementary skills, shared purpose, productive norms, mutual accountability, small size.

Question 35

What are the 5Cs for proper team work

Answer 35

• Confidence, Cooperation, Coordination, Cohesion and Conflict

Question 36

Straightforward exchange; setting goals, providing direction in to ‘receive’
rewards (operational & tactical). This is what type of leadership?

Answer 36

Transactional leadership

Question 37

When identifying the sources of conflict, what are the 5 sources? PPEIR

Answer 37

information, perception, role, environment, personal

Question 38

In regards to quality of evidence, What is SPAARC

Answer 38

Sufficiency, precision, accuracy, authority, representativness, clarity

Question 39

Establishing commitment through a new vision and change in beliefs & attitudes,
higher levels of performance (strategic).This is what type of leadership?

Answer 39

transformational