2.2 Relations with Spain Flashcards
What happened in 1570 that worsened Relations with Spain?
Papal Bull excommunicates Elizabeth
What happened in 1571 that worsened Relations with Spain?
Ridolfi plot has Philip II’s backing
What happened in 1574 that worsened Relations with Spain?
Catholic priests are first smuggled into England
What happened in 1576 that worsened Relations with Spain?
4th November: Spanish Fury ends with the sacking of Antwerp, uniting all Dutch against the Spanish.
8th November: Pacification of Ghent.
What happened in February 1577 that worsened Relations with Spain?
Feb: Don Juan agrees to the Pacification of Ghent, but brings the Spanish army back to the Netherlands six months later.
What happened in August 1577 that worsened Relations with Spain?
John Casimir arrives in the Netherlands with 6,000 volunteers to fight for Dutch rebels.
What happened in December 1577 that worsened Relations with Spain?
Drake began his circumnavigation around the world.
What happened in 1579 that worsened Relations with Spain?
Duke of Parma takes charge in the Netherlands and makes great headway against the Dutch rebels.
What happened in 1580 that worsened Relations with Spain?
August: Philip II takes control of Portugal
November: Francis Drake returns from his circumnavigation around the globe.
What happened in 1581 that worsened Relations with Spain?
Elizabeth knights Drake on the Golden Hind
What happened in 1582 that worsened Relations with Spain?
Alencon returns to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands with financial backing from Elizabeth I.
What happened in 1583 that worsened Relations with Spain?
June: Alencon fails in the Netherlands.
November: Under torture, Francis Throckmorton confesses to the plot against Elizabeth.
What happened in June 1584 that worsened Relations with Spain?
The death of the Duke of Alencon makes Protestant Henri of Navarre heir to the French throne.
What happened in July 1584 that worsened Relations with Spain?
William of Orange is assassinated.
What happened in December 1584 that worsened Relations with Spain?
Treaty of Joinville between Catholic League of France and Spain is signed.
Due to the pressures of ruling England, what did Elizabeth enforce?
Foreign Policy
What was in Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims?
- Developing and improving trade to benefit the English economy.
- Protecting England’s borders
- Protecting the English throne
- Avoiding war (costly, could lead to Elizabeth being overthrown if English rebels supported the enemy).
What 2 problems did English merchants face when developing trade in the New World?
- Spain controlled the Netherlands, England’s main route into European markets. Antwerp was particularly important to English trade.
- Spain controlled much of the New World where there were new, valuable trading opportunities.
Why was Spain so wealthy in the New World?
They had a lot of land for crops which were valuable, such as tobacco, sugar cane and silver.
How did England challenge Spain in terms of the New World?
You needed a license from Spain which were hard to come by. Many English merchants ignored Spanish rules and traded illegally, without licenses. Some of them even attacked Spanish ports and shipping.
What was a privateer?
Individuals like merchants or explorers who had armed ships that capture other ships for their cargos, often with the authorisation or support from the government.
What were Francis Drake’s actions considered as?
Piracy
Where did Drake go in 1570-71, capturing numerous Spanish ships, and seizing their cargoes?
The West Indies.
In 1572, what did Elizabeth hire Drake as?
A privateer (she then invested in the voyage)
In 1572, in Panama, how much Spanish silver did Drake steal?
£40,000
How was war avoided in 1573 when Drake returned from Panama?
Both Philip II and Elizabeth I were trying to improve Anglo-Spanish relations. (So Drake was not openly welcomed back).
In November 1577, Drake set off to the New World. Where did he sail to? What did he try and bring back?
He sailed to the tip of South America to its Pacific coastline. He was to bring back gold / silver / spices / other valuables.
Why did Elizabeth order Drake to attack colonies in the New World?
More fears of Spanish invasion, so Elizabeth wanted to enrich England and disrupt Spain’s valuable trade. It would also send a message of defiance to Drake, saying that she didn’t want England to be dominated by Spain.
How many ships did Drake set off with? How many returned?
5, but only 1 survived (The Golden Hind).
What did Drake call the area of land the Spanish claimed but Drake took in North California?
New-Albion
When Drake returned to England in 1580, how much Spanish treasure did he return with?
£400,000
When did Philip II oppose Elizabeth’s religious settlement?
1559
Why weren’t alliances between Spain and France a worry in the early 1500s?
Spain and France were competing to be the greatest Europe power, so were more rivals. England was actually valued as an ally against the other country.
In early 1500s, why did France want to be allied with England?
France was surrounded by Spanish territory except for the North.
In early 1500s, why did Spain want to be allied with England?
Elizabeth’s fleet could protect its ships sailing in the Channel to the Netherlands (Spain had controlled the Netherlands since the 15th century).
In 1567, why were the Spanish sailing to the Netherlands?
It had troops and resources for the Duke of Alba’s army, in attempt to stamp Protestantism in the Netherlands out.
Because of this, Elizabeth was pressured by the Privy Council to help other Dutch Protestant rebels.
How did Elizabeth I apply pressure to Philip II?
- By indirectly helping Dutch Protestants resist the Spanish.
- By allowing Spanish shipping and colonies to come under attack from English privateers.
- By pursuing friendly relations with France
- By encouraging others to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands.
In the 1570s, who did Elizabeth promise a marriage alliance to?
Heir to the French throne, the Duke of Alencon.
When was the Spanish Fury and the Pacification of Ghent?
1576
When was Antwerp sacked?
November 1576
What was the result of Antwerp being sacked?
Protestants and Catholics in the Netherlands were united against Spain.
How many Dutch provinces are there?
17
What did the Pacification of Ghent state?
- All Spanish troops were to be expelled from the Netherlands
- The restoration of political autonomy
- An end to religious persecutions.
How much money did Elizabeth give as a loan to the Dutch rebels?
£100,000
This was the fund to send an expeditionary force to the Netherlands and ensure the Pacification of Ghent is carried out.
Which one of Philip II’s brothers went to the Netherlands to agree to the Pacification of Ghent? When?
Don Juan
February 1577
When the Spanish ignored the Pacification of Ghent, who did Elizabeth hire?
John Casimir
What is the term for when a soldier fights for money rather than a nation or cause?
Mercenary
How many English and Scottish men was John Casimir tasked with raising?
6,000
How did sending John Casimir mean that England and Spain weren’t directly at war?
He was a mercenary so Elizabeth wasn’t officially sending an English army to fight the Spanish in her name.
What did John Casimir’s forces do?
Devastated Dutch Catholic churches to persuade Dutch Catholics to make peace with Spain.
Who especially encouraged Elizabeth to intervene in the Netherlands?
Privy Councillors such as the Earl of Leicester.
When Elizabeth hesitated to intervene directly, who did the Netherlands turn to?
The French
The Duke of Alencon
Who was sent to fight as leader of the Spanish army in place of Don Juan in 1579?
The Duke of Parma
Between 1578 and 1579, was Spain any more financially secure?
No
Were France and England still allies between 1578 and 1579?
Yes
In 1578, who had managed to bring unite Dutch Catholics and Protestants against the Spanish?
William of Orange
In 1578, the Duke of Alencon led an army into the Netherlands to fight the Spanish. What was this situation like in 1579?
He had withdrawn from the Netherlands.
Who had made peace with the Spanish in 1579?
Southern Dutch Catholic provinces.
Was the Spanish army stronger in 1578 or 1579? Why?
1579 because it was being led by the Duke of Parma.
When did the Duke of Alencon go to England?
October 1581
How much did Elizabeth give the Duke of Alencon for his support in the Netherlands?
£70,000
In 1580, Philip II gained what country?
Portugal
When did Alencon return to the Netherlands?
1582
What year did the Duke of Alencon return to France?
1583
When did the Duke of Alencon die?
10th June 1584
When was William of Orange assassinated?
10th July 1584
Between what seasons did the Privy Council debate over whether they should intervene in the Netherlands?
Autumn 1584
To Summer 1585
What did the French Catholic League sign at the end of 1584 with Philip II?
The Treaty of Joinville
In 1585, what did the King of France sign up to?
The Catholic League’s aim of ridding France of heresy.
In what 6 ways did the deaths of the Duke of Alencon and William of Orange cause problems for Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims?
- They could no longer fight the Spanish in the Netherlands
- Although France’s heir to the throne (Henri of Navarre), Protestant, the French formed a Catholic League to stop him.
- There was a religious war in France
- It showed how easy it was for a leader like Elizabeth to be assassinated.
- Dutch Protestants turned to Elizabeth - she didn’t want to help because of the repercussions with Philip II, as she would be trying to overthrow him.
- Without a leader the Dutch rebels would be defeated by Spain, and England would be the next target.
