1.3 Challenges to the religious settlement Flashcards
What did Puritans think of the religious settlement?
They thought it was great because it would be the beginning of a further, more Protestant developments to the Church of England.
What did the Puritan clergymen ignore/disobey?
Elizabeth’s act of uniformity was broken by the Puritans not long after it was put in place as the conduct of church services was not met.
In what way did Puritan clergymen disobey the Act of Uniformity?
They went against things like should people kneel to receive communion?
What did some clergy want?
To abolish organ music accompanying hymns
For certain holy days to be abolished - this did not please ordinary people when holy days were also holidays.
What was Elizabeth’s title regarding the Church of England?
Supreme Governor of the Church of England
What were the 2 biggest issues with the Puritans?
The crucifix controversy
The vestment controversy
What year was Jesus executed by crucifixion?
Circa 33 CE
What did crucifixes represent to Elizabethan Puritans?
Idols
Why did Elizabeth keep crucifixes in the churches?
She didn’t want too much to change too fast for Catholics which could anger them. She also liked how they looked.
What was the result of Elizabeth ordering a crucifix in each church?
Puritan bishops threatened to resign. Therefore Elizabeth backed down.
Why did Elizabeth back down on the crucifix controversy at first?
There weren’t enough able Protestant clergymen to take the place of bishops who were dismissed.
What was the outcome of the crucifix controversy?
Elizabeth insisted on keeping a crucifix in the Royal Chapel.
What did Puritans believe priests should wear?
Simple, plain clothing or no special clothing at all. They believed that elaborate vestments suggested that priests were set apart from ordinary people.
Why did Catholics believe that priests should wear special vestments?
They believed that priests had the power to turn the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ. They could also forgive sins.
What did the Royal Injunctions state about vestments?
Elizabeth wanting the clergy to wear special vestments.
What year did it become clear that the clergy weren’t following what the Queen had commanded about vestments?
1565
Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1566?
Matthew Parker
What did Matthew Parker do in 1566?
Issue further guidelines for priests in his book which followed Elizabeth’s commands.
He also held a special exhibition in London to show priests what they should be wearing and when.
What was the archbishop of Canterbury’s book called?
Book of Advertisements
How many refused to go to Matthew Parker’s exhibition of the 110 invited?
37 - they lost their posts.
What was the outcome of the vestment controversy?
Despite opposition, the majority of priests consented to Elizabeth’s insistence that special vestments must be worn.
What is the papacy?
The system of church government ruled by the pope.
In what way did Catholics try to continue to strengthen their religion?
Supporting local communities
Persecuting heretics
Encouraging the waging of war against Protestants
What was the campaign against Protestantism called?
The counter-reformation
What are heretics?
People who have controversial opinions and beliefs at odds with those held by the rest of society, but especially those who deny the teachings of the Catholic Church.
What action did the Pope take in 1566?
He issued an instruction stating that Catholics should not attend Church of England services.
What were the precautions against those who didn’t conform to the Religious Settlement?
Penalties / fines / imprisonment / loss of property / job / life
What is the term for someone who refuses to accept the practices of the Church of England or the role of the monarch as the head of the church?
A recusant
Why didn’t Elizabeth want to investigate recusants too closely?
She didn’t want to create martyrs and so ignored smaller examples of disobedience.
What is a martyr?
Someone who is killed for his or her beliefs, especially religious beliefs.
What is the estimation for the fraction of the nobility were recusants?
1/3
Why was a reason for a member of the nobility to remain Catholic?
They tended to be from an ancient family (especially in the north of England)
Where especially were people known to be recusants?
North-west England
Who had been prosperous under the rule of Mary I, so remained Catholic?
The earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland
When Elizabeth became Queen, due to being Catholic the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland’s power was reduced. Who was favoured instead?
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester and Sir William Cecil (because they were protestant and from new noble families).
When did the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland lead a rebellion in the north of England?
In November 1569
What was the rebellion in November 1569 known as?
The Revolt of the Northern Earls
What cathedral did they take in the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
Durham Cathedral
What did the Northern Earls do at Durham Cathedral?
They celebrated a full catholic mass.
Ultimately, why was the rebellion held in 1569?
The Catholics’ lack of political power and influence under Elizabeth I.
Where did the rebels march in 1569?
South
By 22nd November, what did the Revolt of the Northern Earls occupy?
The land east of the Pennines as far south as Braham Moor, north of Leeds
Who did the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland try and appeal to?
The Catholic nobility, especially in Lancaster and Cheshire. NOTE: They did not join them.
Who did end up joining the Northern Earls (most staying loyal to Elizabeth)?
The Duke of Norfolk
Who was the Duke of Norfolk?
England’s most senior noble and Elizabeth’s distant cousin.
What date were the Northern Earls forced to retreat?
24th November 1569.
Who led the troops that successfully put down the rebellion?
The Earl of Sussex
What was the result of the rebels after being extinguished?
Hundreds of rebels were executed in towns and cities across the north.
Why did Elizabeth execute the rebels in 1569?
She believed they were very dangerous - the public display of Crown power mark a change in Elizabeth’s relationship with her Catholic subjects, which was going to become more difficult in the 1570s.
What is the Holy Roman Empire?
A large grouping of different states and kingdoms covering a large area of central Europe, including a lot of modern Germany and parts of Poland and Austria. Although each state had its own ruler, the leaders of the seven largest countries elected a Holy Roman Empire.
Which other countries also had a growing Protestant population?
Scotland, France, the Netherlands and parts of the Holy Roman Empire
Which family controlled both the Spanish and Austrian empires?
The Habsburg family
How did the Habsburg family and the Holy Roman Empire unite?
Over the cause of defending the catholic faith.
When did a religious war break out in France?
1562
When did Elizabeth write to Philip II of Spain about how ‘troubled and perplexed’ she was about the potential of the religious war threatening her realm by encouraging religious conflict in England.
1564
Why did Elizabeth agree to help French Protestants in 1562?
In the hope of getting Calais back.
When had Elizabeth already helped Scottish Protestant lords rebel against Catholic rule?
1560
Why did Elizabeth’s policy fail?
French Protestants made peace with the Catholics later in 1562.
What did Elizabeth sign in 1564?
The Treaty of Troyes
What did the Treaty of Troyes entail?
It confirmed that Calais belonged to France.
What was the ultimate outcome of the French Religious war?
Elizabeth irritated Philip II of Spain by supporting Protestant rebels.
Who did the Netherlands belong to in the 16th century?
The Spanish King, Philip II.
What religion was Philip II of Spain?
Strict Roman Catholic - so did not look favourably upon Elizabeth’s support for Protestant rebels in Scotland and France
What year did Philip II ban the import of English cloth to the Netherlands?
1563
Why did Philip II ban the import of English cloth to the Netherlands?
He believed that English merchants were encouraging the spread of Protestantism.
What did Elizabeth do in response to Philip II banning the import of English cloth?
She retaliated and ceased trading altogether with the Netherlands.
What was the stopping of trading between the Spanish Netherlands and England called?
The Trade Embargo
How long did the Trade Embargo last and why?
A year, it affected both countries economically.
Why was Elizabeth concerned during the times of the Trade Embargo?
She was worried about Spain and France making an alliance against her.
Who excommunicated Henry VIII in the 1530s after the break from Rome?
Pope Paul III
What did Pope Paul III persuade France and Spain to do following the break from Rome?
Invade England and depose him.
How do we know that Philip II valued England as an ally?
Philip II proposed a marriage alliance to Elizabeth I even though his wife (her sister) had just died. Elizabeth refused him.
What is a trade embargo?
When governments ban trade with another country.
What does it mean when a severe punishment is issued, imposed by the pope, expelling people from the Catholic church?
Excommunication
What term refers to mean the pope or the catholic church (that’s also the capital of Italy)?
Rome
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
A political and religious body set up in Spain in 1478 to keep Spanish territories true to the Catholic faith. Anyone caught by the Inquisition who wasn’t Catholic could be tortured or burned alive in a public execution.
Why did the Netherlands dislike being ruled by Spain?
The Netherlands were used to governing themselves.
Philip II decided to reorganise the Dutch government and also brought the Spanish Inquisition to the Netherlands.
What did the Dutch people do (united Catholics and Protestants) to act against Spain?
They led a Dutch Revolt.
When did the Dutch Revolt break out?
1566
In 1567, who did Philip II send to put down the revolt?
Duke of Alba
How many men did the Duke of Alba take to the Netherlands?
10,000
When was the Dutch Revolt defeated?
1568
What did the Duke of Alba establish in the Netherlands?
Council of Troubles (AKA the Council of Blood)
Why was the Council of Troubles put in place?
It enforced both Catholicism and obedience to the Spanish Crown,
Who made up the Council of Troubles?
Loyal Dutch nobles and Spanish officials
What did the Council of Blood do?
Ignored local law and legal processes, condemning thousands to death (especially Protestants who had been protesting violently against Catholicism)
What was the outcome of Alba’s actions?
Led to thousands of Dutch Protestants fleeing into exile, some went to England.
Why was Elizabeth concerned about Alba’s presence in the Netherlands?
- William Cecil was worried with how close Alba’s army was to England, in striking distance as they were only in the Netherlands.
-Elizabeth didn’t want to be seen as Europe’s Protestant leader, as she wanted to avoid war and openly condemned the Dutch rebels. Nevertheless Dutch rebels still came to England.
How did the Privy Council view Protestantism?
As the ‘true religion’.
Why did Elizabeth want to avoid war with Spain?
England did not have the resources to take on Spain or France and Spain together.
What would have been the most likely cause of a civil war in England?
Religious differences
What were the Dutch rebels who fled by water known as?
Sea Beggars
What did Sea Beggars do?
Attack Spanish ships in the English channel that were carrying men and resources to Alba’s army in the Netherlands.
When did Elizabeth allow Sea Beggars to shelter in English harbours?
1567
In 1568, Spanish ships took refuge in English ports. What were they carrying?
Gold to pay Alba’s troops in the Netherlands.
Who was the loan given to and from?
To Philip II from bankers in the Italian city of Genoa.
Why did Elizabeth take Philip II’s gold?
Because she argued that the loan didn’t belong to Spain but to Italy.
What was the event where Elizabeth stole Philip II’s gold called?
Genoese Loan.
What was the outcome of the Genoese loan?
The Spanish were greatly angered.
What were the 2 main reasons for a growing Catholic threat in 1568-69?
- MQS fled to England in 1568.
- In 1569, the Revolt of the Northern Earls. There had been hope that Alba’s troops would land in Hartlepool to support it. It didn’t happen but encouraged Philip II and the pope to plot further against Elizabeth.
