1.3 Challenges to the religious settlement

Question 1

What did Puritans think of the religious settlement?

Answer 1

They thought it was great because it would be the beginning of a further, more Protestant developments to the Church of England.

Question 2

What did the Puritan clergymen ignore/disobey?

Answer 2

Elizabeth’s act of uniformity was broken by the Puritans not long after it was put in place as the conduct of church services was not met.

Question 3

In what way did Puritan clergymen disobey the Act of Uniformity?

Answer 3

They went against things like should people kneel to receive communion?

Question 4

What did some clergy want?

Answer 4

To abolish organ music accompanying hymns
For certain holy days to be abolished - this did not please ordinary people when holy days were also holidays.

Question 5

What was Elizabeth’s title regarding the Church of England?

Answer 5

Supreme Governor of the Church of England

Question 6

What were the 2 biggest issues with the Puritans?

Answer 6

The crucifix controversy
The vestment controversy

Question 7

What year was Jesus executed by crucifixion?

Answer 7

Circa 33 CE

Question 8

What did crucifixes represent to Elizabethan Puritans?

Answer 8

Idols

Question 9

Why did Elizabeth keep crucifixes in the churches?

Answer 9

She didn’t want too much to change too fast for Catholics which could anger them. She also liked how they looked.

Question 10

What was the result of Elizabeth ordering a crucifix in each church?

Answer 10

Puritan bishops threatened to resign. Therefore Elizabeth backed down.

Question 11

Why did Elizabeth back down on the crucifix controversy at first?

Answer 11

There weren’t enough able Protestant clergymen to take the place of bishops who were dismissed.

Question 12

What was the outcome of the crucifix controversy?

Answer 12

Elizabeth insisted on keeping a crucifix in the Royal Chapel.

Question 13

What did Puritans believe priests should wear?

Answer 13

Simple, plain clothing or no special clothing at all. They believed that elaborate vestments suggested that priests were set apart from ordinary people.

Question 14

Why did Catholics believe that priests should wear special vestments?

Answer 14

They believed that priests had the power to turn the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ. They could also forgive sins.

Question 15

What did the Royal Injunctions state about vestments?

Answer 15

Elizabeth wanting the clergy to wear special vestments.

Question 16

What year did it become clear that the clergy weren’t following what the Queen had commanded about vestments?

Answer 16

1565

Question 17

Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1566?

Answer 17

Matthew Parker

Question 18

What did Matthew Parker do in 1566?

Answer 18

Issue further guidelines for priests in his book which followed Elizabeth’s commands.
He also held a special exhibition in London to show priests what they should be wearing and when.

Question 19

What was the archbishop of Canterbury’s book called?

Answer 19

Book of Advertisements

Question 20

How many refused to go to Matthew Parker’s exhibition of the 110 invited?

Answer 20

37 - they lost their posts.

Question 21

What was the outcome of the vestment controversy?

Answer 21

Despite opposition, the majority of priests consented to Elizabeth’s insistence that special vestments must be worn.

Question 22

What is the papacy?

Answer 22

The system of church government ruled by the pope.

Question 23

In what way did Catholics try to continue to strengthen their religion?

Answer 23

Supporting local communities
Persecuting heretics
Encouraging the waging of war against Protestants

Question 24

What was the campaign against Protestantism called?

Answer 24

The counter-reformation

Question 25

What are heretics?

Answer 25

People who have controversial opinions and beliefs at odds with those held by the rest of society, but especially those who deny the teachings of the Catholic Church.

Question 26

What action did the Pope take in 1566?

Answer 26

He issued an instruction stating that Catholics should not attend Church of England services.

Question 27

What were the precautions against those who didn't conform to the Religious Settlement?

Answer 27

Penalties / fines / imprisonment / loss of property / job / life

Question 28

What is the term for someone who refuses to accept the practices of the Church of England or the role of the monarch as the head of the church?

Answer 28

A recusant

Question 29

Why didn't Elizabeth want to investigate recusants too closely?

Answer 29

She didn't want to create martyrs and so ignored smaller examples of disobedience.

Question 30

What is a martyr?

Answer 30

Someone who is killed for his or her beliefs, especially religious beliefs.

Question 31

What is the estimation for the fraction of the nobility were recusants?

Answer 31

1/3

Question 31

Why was a reason for a member of the nobility to remain Catholic?

Answer 31

They tended to be from an ancient family (especially in the north of England)

Question 31

Where especially were people known to be recusants?

Answer 31

North-west England

Question 32

Who had been prosperous under the rule of Mary I, so remained Catholic?

Answer 32

The earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland

Question 33

When Elizabeth became Queen, due to being Catholic the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland's power was reduced. Who was favoured instead?

Answer 33

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester and Sir William Cecil (because they were protestant and from new noble families).

Question 34

When did the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland lead a rebellion in the north of England?

Answer 34

In November 1569

Question 35

What was the rebellion in November 1569 known as?

Answer 35

The Revolt of the Northern Earls

Question 36

What cathedral did they take in the Revolt of the Northern Earls?

Answer 36

Durham Cathedral

Question 37

What did the Northern Earls do at Durham Cathedral?

Answer 37

They celebrated a full catholic mass.

Question 38

Ultimately, why was the rebellion held in 1569?

Answer 38

The Catholics' lack of political power and influence under Elizabeth I.

Question 39

Where did the rebels march in 1569?

Answer 39

South

Question 40

By 22nd November, what did the Revolt of the Northern Earls occupy?

Answer 40

The land east of the Pennines as far south as Braham Moor, north of Leeds

Question 41

Who did the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland try and appeal to?

Answer 41

The Catholic nobility, especially in Lancaster and Cheshire. NOTE: They did not join them.

Question 42

Who did end up joining the Northern Earls (most staying loyal to Elizabeth)?

Answer 42

The Duke of Norfolk

Question 43

Who was the Duke of Norfolk?

Answer 43

England's most senior noble and Elizabeth's distant cousin.

Question 44

What date were the Northern Earls forced to retreat?

Answer 44

24th November 1569.

Question 45

Who led the troops that successfully put down the rebellion?

Answer 45

The Earl of Sussex

Question 46

What was the result of the rebels after being extinguished?

Answer 46

Hundreds of rebels were executed in towns and cities across the north.

Question 47

Why did Elizabeth execute the rebels in 1569?

Answer 47

She believed they were very dangerous - the public display of Crown power mark a change in Elizabeth's relationship with her Catholic subjects, which was going to become more difficult in the 1570s.

Question 48

What is the Holy Roman Empire?

Answer 48

A large grouping of different states and kingdoms covering a large area of central Europe, including a lot of modern Germany and parts of Poland and Austria. Although each state had its own ruler, the leaders of the seven largest countries elected a Holy Roman Empire.

Question 49

Which other countries also had a growing Protestant population?

Answer 49

Scotland, France, the Netherlands and parts of the Holy Roman Empire

Question 50

Which family controlled both the Spanish and Austrian empires?

Answer 50

The Habsburg family

Question 51

How did the Habsburg family and the Holy Roman Empire unite?

Answer 51

Over the cause of defending the catholic faith.

Question 52

When did a religious war break out in France?

Answer 52

1562

Question 53

When did Elizabeth write to Philip II of Spain about how 'troubled and perplexed' she was about the potential of the religious war threatening her realm by encouraging religious conflict in England.

Answer 53

1564

Question 54

Why did Elizabeth agree to help French Protestants in 1562?

Answer 54

In the hope of getting Calais back.

Question 55

When had Elizabeth already helped Scottish Protestant lords rebel against Catholic rule?

Answer 55

1560

Question 56

Why did Elizabeth's policy fail?

Answer 56

French Protestants made peace with the Catholics later in 1562.

Question 57

What did Elizabeth sign in 1564?

Answer 57

The Treaty of Troyes

Question 58

What did the Treaty of Troyes entail?

Answer 58

It confirmed that Calais belonged to France.

Question 59

What was the ultimate outcome of the French Religious war?

Answer 59

Elizabeth irritated Philip II of Spain by supporting Protestant rebels.

Question 60

Who did the Netherlands belong to in the 16th century?

Answer 60

The Spanish King, Philip II.

Question 61

What religion was Philip II of Spain?

Answer 61

Strict Roman Catholic - so did not look favourably upon Elizabeth's support for Protestant rebels in Scotland and France

Question 62

What year did Philip II ban the import of English cloth to the Netherlands?

Answer 62

1563

Question 63

Why did Philip II ban the import of English cloth to the Netherlands?

Answer 63

He believed that English merchants were encouraging the spread of Protestantism.

Question 64

What did Elizabeth do in response to Philip II banning the import of English cloth?

Answer 64

She retaliated and ceased trading altogether with the Netherlands.

Question 65

What was the stopping of trading between the Spanish Netherlands and England called?

Answer 65

The Trade Embargo

Question 66

How long did the Trade Embargo last and why?

Answer 66

A year, it affected both countries economically.

Question 67

Why was Elizabeth concerned during the times of the Trade Embargo?

Answer 67

She was worried about Spain and France making an alliance against her.

Question 68

Who excommunicated Henry VIII in the 1530s after the break from Rome?

Answer 68

Pope Paul III

Question 69

What did Pope Paul III persuade France and Spain to do following the break from Rome?

Answer 69

Invade England and depose him.

Question 70

How do we know that Philip II valued England as an ally?

Answer 70

Philip II proposed a marriage alliance to Elizabeth I even though his wife (her sister) had just died. Elizabeth refused him.

Question 71

What is a trade embargo?

Answer 71

When governments ban trade with another country.

Question 72

What does it mean when a severe punishment is issued, imposed by the pope, expelling people from the Catholic church?

Answer 72

Excommunication

Question 73

What term refers to mean the pope or the catholic church (that's also the capital of Italy)?

Answer 73

Rome

Question 74

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

Answer 74

A political and religious body set up in Spain in 1478 to keep Spanish territories true to the Catholic faith. Anyone caught by the Inquisition who wasn't Catholic could be tortured or burned alive in a public execution.

Question 75

Why did the Netherlands dislike being ruled by Spain?

Answer 75

The Netherlands were used to governing themselves. Philip II decided to reorganise the Dutch government and also brought the Spanish Inquisition to the Netherlands.

Question 76

What did the Dutch people do (united Catholics and Protestants) to act against Spain?

Answer 76

They led a Dutch Revolt.

Question 77

When did the Dutch Revolt break out?

Answer 77

1566

Question 78

In 1567, who did Philip II send to put down the revolt?

Answer 78

Duke of Alba

Question 79

How many men did the Duke of Alba take to the Netherlands?

Answer 79

10,000

Question 80

When was the Dutch Revolt defeated?

Answer 80

1568

Question 81

What did the Duke of Alba establish in the Netherlands?

Answer 81

Council of Troubles (AKA the Council of Blood)

Question 82

Why was the Council of Troubles put in place?

Answer 82

It enforced both Catholicism and obedience to the Spanish Crown,

Question 83

Who made up the Council of Troubles?

Answer 83

Loyal Dutch nobles and Spanish officials

Question 84

What did the Council of Blood do?

Answer 84

Ignored local law and legal processes, condemning thousands to death (especially Protestants who had been protesting violently against Catholicism)

Question 85

What was the outcome of Alba's actions?

Answer 85

Led to thousands of Dutch Protestants fleeing into exile, some went to England.

Question 86

Why was Elizabeth concerned about Alba's presence in the Netherlands?

Answer 86

- William Cecil was worried with how close Alba's army was to England, in striking distance as they were only in the Netherlands. -Elizabeth didn't want to be seen as Europe's Protestant leader, as she wanted to avoid war and openly condemned the Dutch rebels. Nevertheless Dutch rebels still came to England.

Question 87

How did the Privy Council view Protestantism?

Answer 87

As the 'true religion'.

Question 88

Why did Elizabeth want to avoid war with Spain?

Answer 88

England did not have the resources to take on Spain or France and Spain together.

Question 89

What would have been the most likely cause of a civil war in England?

Answer 89

Religious differences

Question 90

What were the Dutch rebels who fled by water known as?

Answer 90

Sea Beggars

Question 91

What did Sea Beggars do?

Answer 91

Attack Spanish ships in the English channel that were carrying men and resources to Alba's army in the Netherlands.

Question 92

When did Elizabeth allow Sea Beggars to shelter in English harbours?

Answer 92

1567

Question 93

In 1568, Spanish ships took refuge in English ports. What were they carrying?

Answer 93

Gold to pay Alba's troops in the Netherlands.

Question 94

Who was the loan given to and from?

Answer 94

To Philip II from bankers in the Italian city of Genoa.

Question 95

Why did Elizabeth take Philip II's gold?

Answer 95

Because she argued that the loan didn't belong to Spain but to Italy.

Question 96

What was the event where Elizabeth stole Philip II's gold called?

Answer 96

Genoese Loan.

Question 97

What was the outcome of the Genoese loan?

Answer 97

The Spanish were greatly angered.

Question 98

What were the 2 main reasons for a growing Catholic threat in 1568-69?

Answer 98

1. MQS fled to England in 1568. 2. In 1569, the Revolt of the Northern Earls. There had been hope that Alba's troops would land in Hartlepool to support it. It didn't happen but encouraged Philip II and the pope to plot further against Elizabeth.