2.2 (Quiz 1) Flashcards by Sierra Norman | Brainscape

Q

Inhibits bacterial growth

A

Bacteriostatic

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Q

Bacteria present and still alive

A

Bacteriostatic

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Q

Host immune system removes bacteria

A

Bacteriostatic

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Q

when combined can become bactericidal

A

Bacteriostatic

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Q

Kills bacteria

A

Bactericidal

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Q

of viable bacteria decreases to zero

A

Bactericidal

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Q

Eventually no viable bacteria present

A

Bactericidal

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Q

treat gram positive and gram negative or wide range of disease causing bacteria

A

Broad spectrum

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Q

disrupt native, normal bacteria in the body due to board spectrum antibiotics (common in penicillins, cephalosporins)

A

Superinfection

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Q

useful for only gram positive, only negative, or specific group of bacteria

A

Narrow spectrum

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Q

why are is bacterial cell wall synthesis a good target?

A

No cell wall in human cells

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Q

why are is protein synthesis a good target?

A

Translation machinery (ribosomes) differ in bacteria and eukaryotes

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Q

why are is folic acid pathway a good target?

A

Human cells do not synthesis folic acid

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Q

why are is nucleic acid metabolism a good target?

A

Target enzyme that is different or only in bacteria

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Q

β-Lactams

A

Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)

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Q

Pencillins

A

Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)

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Q

Cephalosporins

A

Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)

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Q

Carbepenams

A

Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)

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Q

Monobactams

A

Cell Wall Antibiotics (β-Lactams)

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Q

Vancomycin

A

Cell Wall Antibiotics

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Q

Bacitracin

A

Cell Wall Antibiotics

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Q

Daptomycin

A

Cell Wall Antibiotics

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Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (30S)

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Q

Glycylcycline

A

Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (30S)

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Q

Tetracyclines

A

Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (30S)

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Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (50S)

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Q

Macrolides

A

Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (50S)

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Q

Linezolid

A

Protein Synthesis Antibiotics (50S)

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Q

Clavulanic acid

A

Resistance Antibiotics

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Q

Sulbactam

A

Resistance Antibiotics

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Q

Tazobactam

A

Resistance Antibiotics

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Q

Sulfonamides

A

DNA Antibiotics (Folate)

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Q

Trimethoprim

A

DNA Antibiotics (Folate)

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Q

Floroquinolones

A

DNA Antibiotics (DNA Damaging)

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Q

TP inhibitor

A

β-Lactams mechanism

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Q

β-Lactams, bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

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Q

allergic reactions (anaphylaxis, rashes, nephritis)

A

β-Lactams adverse effects

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Q

β-Lactamases, structural change in transpeptidase (PBP), change in structure of porin channels of gram negative outer membrane

A

β-Lactams resistance

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Q

co-adminstering β-Lactams inhibitor (i.e. clavulanic acid)

A

Overcome β-Lactams resistance

Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin Resistant S. aureus

Q

encodes for unique, altered penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a) with low binding affinity for β-lactam antibiotics

A

MecA (MRSA)

Q

With each progressive generation of cephalosporin, there is an __ in sensitivity to β-Lactamases and __ in broad

A

increased, increased

Q

1st generation cephalosporin

A

Cefazolin

Q

2nd generation cephalosporin

A

Cefuroxime

Q

3rd generation cephalosporin

A

Ceftriaxone

Q

Can pass the blood-brain-barrier (effective for meningitis)

A

Ceftriaxone

Q

4th generation cephalosporin

A

Cefepime

Q

Increase activity against pseudomonas

A

Cefepime

Q

5th generation cephalosporin

A

Ceftaroline

Q

Cephalosporin active against MRSA

A

Ceftaroline

Q

inhibits elongation of peptidoglycan chain

A

Vancomycin mechanism

Q

Vancomycin, bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

Q

altered binding site (D-ala-D-ala)

A

Vancomycin resistance

Q

MRSA active (1st line), oral for C.diff

A

Vancomycin therapeutics

Q

nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, “red man syndrome” flushing caused by rapid IV administration

A

Vancomycin adverse effects

Q

complexes with diphosphorylated lipid carrier (lipid carrier recycling inhibitor) and prevents cell wall synthesis

A

Bacitracin mechanism

Q

Bacitracin, bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

both

Q

minor skin infections

A

Bacitracin therapeutics

Q

marked nephrotoxicity limited use to topical

A

Bacitracin adverse effects

Q

forms pores in cell membrane

A

Daptomycin mechanism

Q

Daptomycin, bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

Q

active against VRE and alternative to vancomycin for MRSA

A

Daptomycin therapeutics

Q

skeletal muscle pain and weakness

A

Daptomycin adverse effects

Q

Aminoglycoside mechanism

A

30S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)

Q

Aminoglycoside, bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

Q

commonly used in combination with β-lactams which act synergistically and extend coverage (β-lactams needed to get through cell wall/membrane)

A

Aminoglycoside therapeutics

Q

decreased glomerulus filtration rate (GFR) can lead to even greater toxicity because aminoglycoside excretion depends on kidneys

A

Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity

Q

Tetracycline/Glycylcycline mechanism

A

30S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)

Q

Tetracycline/Glycylcycline, bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bacteriostatic

Q

incorporates into bones and teeth, not for children or during pregnancy

A

Tetracycline/Glycylcycline adverse effects

Q

widespread resistance, but still useful for MRSA

A

Tetracycline/Glycylcycline resistance mechanisms

Q

Macrolide mechanism

A

50S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)

Q

Macrolide, bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bacteriostatic

Q

cholestatic hepatitis (obstruction of bile secretion), GI motility issues, cardiac arrhythmias

A

Macrolide adverse effects

Q

efflux pump decreases drug concentration, production of methylase that adds methyl group to 23S rRNA drug binding site in ribosome

A

Macrolide resistance

Q

Chloramphenicol mechanism

A

50S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)

Q

Chloramphenicol, bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bacteriostatic

Q

bone marrow suppression, serious and fatal blood disorders

A

Chloramphenicol adverse effects

Q

plasmid-mediated expression of acetyltransferase that inactivates the drug

A

Chloramphenicol resistance

Q

Linezolid mechanism

A

50S inhibitor (Protein Synthesis)

Q

Linezolid, bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bacteriostatic

Q

bone marrow depression (especially thrombocytopenia), serotonin syndrome (drug interaction)

A

Linezolid adverse effects

Q

rare, currently no cross resistance with other protein synthesis inhibitor drugs

A

Linezolid resistance

Q

dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor

A

Sulfonamide mechanism

Q

dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor (bacterial DHFR more sensitive to inhibition than human DHFR)

A

Trimethoprim mechanism

Q

almost always used together, synergistic (can use lower doses of each), well-tolerated

A

Sulfonamide/trimethoprim therapeutics

Q

Inhibits bacterial DNA gyros (topo I) in gram-negative bacteria

A

Ciprofloxacin mechanism

Q

Inhibits topo IV in gram-positive bacteria

A

Ciprofloxacin mechanism

Q

tendonitis and tendon rupture

A

Ciprofloxacin adverse effects

Q

Drug metabolism (protein synthesis drug/s)

A

Aminoglycoside, Chloramphenicol

Q

Decreased influx through porins due to (protein synthesis drug/s)

A

Tetracycline/Glycylcycline

Q

Increased efflux by active pumps (protein synthesis drug/s)

A

Macrolide

Q

Change of binding site (protein synthesis drug/s)

A

Tetracycline/Glycylcycline, Macrolide

Q

length of time drug concentration above MIC most important

A

Time-dependent (Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics)

Q

concentration of drug above MIC most important

A

Concentration-dependent (Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics)