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I&D Quiz 1 > 1.2 (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

1.2 (Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

microorganisms so highly pathogenic that they generally produce disease whenever they enter the host

A

Obligate pathogens

“Party Crashers”

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2
Q

Bacteria are (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

Fungi are (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)

A

eukaryotes

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4
Q

parasites are (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)

A

eukaryotes

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5
Q

___ are not cells and need the machinery of another living cell (either eukaryotic or prokaryotic) in order to replicate

A

Viruses

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6
Q

Very clearly non-self (Innate or adaptive recognition)

A

Innate recognition

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7
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

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8
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), (Innate or adaptive recognition)

A

Innate recognition

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9
Q

Evolutionarily conserved structures on pathogens that are recognized by the ___ immune system

A

innate

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10
Q

PRRs

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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11
Q

Recognized by Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), (Innate or adaptive recognition)

A

Innate recognition

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12
Q

More specifically non-self (Innate or adaptive recognition)

A

adaptive recognition

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13
Q

Specific molecule segments, conformations, or sequences (Innate or adaptive recognition)

A

adaptive recognition

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14
Q

Recognized by T-cell receptors if presented on MHC or B-cell receptors if extracellular (Innate or adaptive recognition)

A

adaptive recognition

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15
Q

plasma cell precursor

A

B lymphocytes

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16
Q

effector T cell precursor

A

T lymphocytes

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17
Q

epithelial barrier immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

innate

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18
Q

mast cells immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

innate

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19
Q

phagocytes immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

innate

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20
Q

dendritic cells immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

innate

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21
Q

NK and ILCs immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

innate

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22
Q

B lymphocytes immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

adaptive

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23
Q

T lymphocytes immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

adaptive

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24
Q

plasma cells immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

adaptive

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25
Q

effector T cells immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

adaptive

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26
Q

Key Immunological Goals

A

Protect, Detect/Recognize, Recruit help, Eliminate/Tolerate, Remember

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27
Q

humoral immunity responding lymphocytes

A

B lymphocyte

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28
Q

humoral immunity effector mechanism

A

secreted antibody

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29
Q

block infections and eliminated extracellular microbes

A

humoral immunity function

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30
Q

cell-mediated immunity (phagocytosis in macrophage) responding lymphocytes

A

helper T lymphocyte

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31
Q

cell-mediated immunity (phagocytosis in macrophage) effector mechanism

A

cytokines -> activated macrophage

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32
Q

elimination of phagocytosed microbes

A

cell-mediated immunity (phagocytosis in macrophage) function

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33
Q

cell-mediated immunity (viral replication) responding lymphocytes

A

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

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34
Q

cell-mediated immunity (viral replication) effector mechanism

A

killed infected cell

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35
Q

kill infected cells and eliminated reservoirs of infection

A

cell-mediated immunity (viral replication) function

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36
Q

complement immune system (innate or adaptive)

A

innate

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37
Q

Phagocytes Digest what they have eaten then “present” ___

A

antigen to T cells

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38
Q

Severe, invasive infections with encapsulated (carbohydrate-coated) bacteria

A

Complement

doesn’t work

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39
Q

Soft tissue abscesses or lymphadenitis

A

Phagocytes don’t work

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40
Q

Main job is to make and secrete antibodies

A

B Cells

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41
Q

Opsinization, neutralization, complement activation

A

B Cells

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42
Q

Can secrete antibodies at or near the site of inflammation or can be distant

A

B Cells

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43
Q

Recurrent bacterial sinopulmonary infections (Sinusitis, Ear Infections, Bronchitis, Pneumonias) with bacteria

A

B cells and

Antibodies don’t work

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44
Q

Direct immune responses

A

CD4 “Helper” T cells

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45
Q

Kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens like viruses, fungi, etc.

A

CD8 “Cytotoxic” T cells

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46
Q

Control & modulate immune responses

A

“Regulatory” T cells

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47
Q

Inability to generate effective antibody responses, Severe viral and fungal infections, Autoimmunity

A

T cells don’t work

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48
Q

Facilitate communication/coordination of immune system

A

Cytokines & Chemokines

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49
Q

May promote larger systemic effects (i.e. fever)

A

Cytokines

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50
Q

Mediate cell attraction/migration of other immune cells via chemotaxis

A

Chemokines

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51
Q

First line of defense, Rapid activation/response, Immediately present

A

innate immune system

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52
Q

Physical and Chemical Barriers

A

innate immune system

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53
Q

Specialized Blood cells

A

innate and adaptive immune system

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54
Q

Broadly distinguish self from non-self

A

innate immune system

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55
Q

no memory

A

innate immune system

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56
Q

Recruited response (delay) when innate response cannot control/eliminate

A

adaptive immune system

57
Q

Highly specific, coordinated

A

adaptive immune system

58
Q

Generates immunological

A

adaptive immune system

59
Q

Sites of immune cell genesis and development

A

Central/Primary structure of immune system

60
Q

Bone Marrow (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)

A

Central/Primary structure of immune system

61
Q

Thymus (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)

A

Central/Primary structure of immune system

62
Q

Sites of immune cell activation and differentiation

A

Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system

63
Q

Spleen (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)

A

Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system

64
Q

Lymph Nodes (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)

A

Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system

65
Q

Tonsils/Adenoids (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)

A

Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system

66
Q

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT) (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)

A

Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system

67
Q

Epithelial Barriers (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)

A

Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system; not technically immunology organ but has important immunologic function

68
Q

Blood (Central/Primary or Peripheral/Secondary)

A

Peripheral/Secondary (adaptive) structure of immune system; not technically immunology organ but has important immunologic function

69
Q

Engulf bacteria and other small cells and particles, Digest to destroy them

A

Phagocytes

70
Q

Most effective against bacterial and fungal pathogens (viruses are too small and parasites are too large)

A

Phagocytes

71
Q

aka PMNs

A

Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

72
Q

Most abundant leukocyte circulating in blood

A

Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

73
Q

Large stores in bone marrow

A

Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

74
Q

Recruited to tissues when needed by chemokines

A

Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

75
Q

First line defense with short lifespan

A

Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

76
Q

Die after phagocytosing pathogens, debris

A

Neutrophil (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

77
Q

Tissue residents/sentinels, long life span

A

Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

78
Q

Derived from circulating blood monocytes

A

Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

79
Q

Generally the first to respond to danger

A

Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

80
Q

Phagocytose pathogens, debris

A

Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

81
Q

Function as Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)

A

Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

82
Q

APC

A

Antigen Presenting Cell

83
Q

Secrete cytokines that initiate inflammation

A

Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

84
Q

Secrete chemokines that recruit other immune cells

A

Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

85
Q

cytokines

A

initiate inflammation

86
Q

chemokines

A

recruit other immune cells

87
Q

Crucial to wound healing

A

Macrophage (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

88
Q

Migrate between tissues and lymphoid organs

A

Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

89
Q

Phagocytose pathogens, debris then present what they find to T cells in lymphoid organs (APC)

A

Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

90
Q

Can differentiate from monocytes/macrophages

A

Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

91
Q

Secrete cytokines and chemokines

A

Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

92
Q

Bridge innate and adaptive immune system

A

Dendritic Cell (Phagocyte, innate immune system)

93
Q

Scan for normal cells and kill abnormal cells

A

Natural Killer cells (Innate Lymphocytes)

94
Q

Directly kill the affected cells

A

Natural Killer cells (Innate Lymphocytes)

95
Q

Important for defense against viral infections, malignancy

A

Natural Killer cells (Innate Lymphocytes)

96
Q

Integrated in epithelial cell linings

A

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) (Innate Lymphocytes)

97
Q

tissue resident and respond to stimuli via secretion of histamine, and other inflammatory mediators stored in granules

A

Mast cells (innate immune system)

98
Q

very low numbers in blood, similar functions to mast cells, control of parasites

A

Basophils (innate immune system)

99
Q

enter tissue from blood, kill parasites (nematodes, etc) by secreting toxic major basic protein, induce peristalsis and promote allergic inflammation

A

Eosinophils (innate immune system)

100
Q

Serum proteins present in inactive form

A

Complement (soluble component of innate immune system)

101
Q

Once the presence of a pathogen is detected, an enzymatic cascade is initiated

A

Complement (soluble component of innate immune system)

102
Q

Results in lysis of bacterial pathogen, release of inflammatory signals, recruitment and activation of immune cells (both innate and adaptive)

A

Complement (soluble component of innate immune system)

103
Q

work alone or in combination with antibodies

A

Complement (soluble component of innate immune system)

104
Q

Small peptides with anti-microbial activity

A

Defensins (soluble component of innate immune system)

105
Q

Found in mucosal and intestinal secretions, body fluids

A

Defensins (soluble component of innate immune system)

106
Q

___ bind to and ‘recognize’ general classes of ___

A

PRPs, PAMPs

107
Q

encoded by germline DNA

A

PRRs

108
Q

there are many types of ___ but they are ___ and always the ___

A

PRRs, finite, same

109
Q

B-lymphocytes are part of __ immunity

A

humoral (adaptive)

110
Q

T-lymphocytes are part of __ immunity

A

cell-mediated (adaptive)

111
Q

Recognize specific antigen with specific receptor (B cell receptor)

A

B-lymphocytes (adaptive)

112
Q

Activated in secondary lymphoid organs

A

B-lymphocytes (adaptive)

113
Q

When activated, ___ differentiate into ___ to secrete enormous amounts of a soluble form of their B-cell receptor (___)

A

B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, antibody

114
Q

soluble form of their B-cell receptor

A

antibody

115
Q

Antibodies highly specific and have crucial anti-microbial functions

A

B-lymphocytes (adaptive)

116
Q

Respond to a great variety of pathogens

A

B-lymphocytes (adaptive)

117
Q

molecule (protein, lipid, sugar, etc) that is capable of binding to the specialized receptors of adaptive lymphocytes and generates an immune response

A

Antigen

118
Q

specific part of an antigen recognized by the specialized receptors

A

Epitope

119
Q

Activated in secondary lymphoid organs, then migrate to site of infection

A

T lymphocytes (adaptive)

120
Q

Recognizes specific protein antigens, requires presentation by MHC molecules

A

T lymphocytes (adaptive)

121
Q

Respond to all types of pathogens, but particularly important for viral, fungal, and intracellular bacterial pathogens

A

T lymphocytes (adaptive)

122
Q

“Helper cells”

A

CD4+ T cells

123
Q

“Killer Cells”

A

CD8+ T cells

124
Q

“Regulator cells”

A

T-regs

125
Q

ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL for an effective adaptive immune response (and thus survival)

A

T lymphocytes (adaptive)

126
Q

recognize native antigen

A

B cells

127
Q

recognize processed antigen presented on MHC

A

T cells

128
Q

group of lymphocytes that arising from a single common precursor that recognize a specific and distinct antigen

A

Clone

129
Q

fully developed lymphocyte that has yet to have been successfully activated by it’s specific antigen

A

“Naïve” lymphocyte

130
Q

lymphocyte that has encountered it’s specific antigen and received appropriate signals to differentiate

A

“Active/Activated” lymphocyte

131
Q

activated lymphocyte that is exerting an active effect (also may hear effector functions)

A

“Effector” lymphocyte

132
Q

Small molecules that are secreted by immune and non-immune cell types

A

Cytokines

133
Q

Provide instructions for immune cells regarding the type of infection and what the immune cells should do

A

Cytokines

134
Q

Can act locally and/or systemically

A

Cytokines

135
Q

“between immune cells”

A

Interleukins (Cytokines)

136
Q

Chemoattractant cytokines

A

Chemokines

137
Q

Tell immune cells where to go

A

Chemokines

138
Q

Used in normal immune cell trafficking (helps them find and go into lymphoid organs) and induced in case of infection (to find the tissue site of infection)

A

Chemokines

I&D Quiz 1 (8 decks)

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