21st Cen Lit Flashcards
to study
how many living languages in PH?
183 across 17 regions comprised of 82 provinces.
major characteristic of literature
audience can easily relate with
form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name.
The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable. Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends. Its aim is to
entertain.
LEGENDS
are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons
about life. These are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve
our perspectives in life
FOLK TALES
are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are
dealt with at length. Nobody can determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other languages,
even in English and Spanish. We can only determine their origins from the time mentioned in the said epics
THE EPIC AGE
Other forms of Poetry
- Epigrams (Salawikain)
- Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan.
- Chant (Bulong)
- Maxims.
- Sayings (Kasabihan)
- Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden meanings)
These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors.
To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young. To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young.
Epigrams (Salawikain).
These are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to
12 syllables
Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan.
Used in witch craft or enchantment
Chant (Bulong).
Some are rhyming couplets with verses 5,6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables.
Maxims.
Often used in teasing or to comment on a person ’ s actuations.
Sayings (Kasabihan)
(Sayings with no hidden meanings)
Sawikain
SPANISH PERIOD
1566-1871 (333 years)
Propaganda movement (1872-1898)
Noli Me Tangere-Jose Rizal
Pag Ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa-Marcelo Del Pilar
Ang Fray Botod-Graciano Lopez Jaena
SPANISH INFLUENCES ON THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
ALIBATA
Christian Doctrine
Spanish language became the literary language this time
European legends and traditions
Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog Grammar books were printed in Filipino Religious tone
The First Books
- Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine)
2.Nuestra Senora del Rosario
3.Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre
4.Ang Barlaan at Josephat
5.The Pasion
6.Urbana at Felisa
7.Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)
LITERARY COMPOSITIONS
- Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and Rules of the Tagalog
language) - Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language)
- Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary)
- Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampango vocabulary)
- Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary)
- Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language)
- Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol Language)
Folk Songs Spanish
Leron-Leron Sinta (Tagalog)
Pamulinawen (Iloko)
Dandansoy (Bisaya)
Sarong Banggi (Bicol)
Atin Cu Pung Singsing (Kapampangan)
Dramatic performance of the passion and death of Christ
CENAKULO
The father of drama, a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which death with mens passion and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty or some political problem.
ZARZUELA
A special occasion for the pilareños of sorsogon during may time to get together
LAGAYLAY
Dramatic performance for the purpose of manifesting devotion for the holy cross.
TIBAG
Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual narrating the whole family’s search for a place to stay in Bethlehem for Jesus Christ‘s birth through songs.
PANULUYAN
Dramatizes the reunion of the risen Christ and his mother.
SALUBONG
A form of dramatic entertainment perform on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on darknights after a harvest.
CARILLO
A short musical comedy popular during the 18th century. They were exaggerated comedy shown between acts plays and were mostly performed by characters from the lower class.
SAINETE
Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-Moro is presented also on a special stage. This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion. Example: “Prinsipe Rodante
THE MORO-MORO
This is a poetic vehicle of a socio- religious nature celebrated during the death of a person
KARAGATAN
The … replaced the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.
DUPLO
This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue.
THE BALAGTASAN
This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead.
THE DUNG-AW
is in dodecasyllabic verse. * are fabricated stories from writers ’ imagination although the setting and characters are European. * refers to chanting. Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas
AWIT
is in octosyllabic verse. * were usually on legends or stories from European countries like France, Spain, Italy and Greece. * refers to narration. Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose de la Cruz
CORRIDO
AMERICAN REGIME
1898-1944
Our flag was hoisted on
June 12, 1898
was elected the first President of the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
The Fil-American war resulted in the defeat of
Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903.
IN 1910 (Philippine Literature change during American period)
New groups started to write in English.
English is the medium use in literature language during this time.
Spanish writers want to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes. Writer in Tagalog wants to write about
conditions of country and love for one’s native tongue. The Writers in English imitated the themes and methods of Americans.
KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS- (YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW)
Aurelio Tolentino.
TANIKALANG GINTO
JUAN ABAD
MALAYA
THOMAS REMIGIO
WALANG SUGAT
SEVERINO REYES
Three groups of writers
Spanish
Filipino
English
The writers in Spanish were accustomed to
write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes.
wrote “A RIZAL” and it is considered the best poem in praise of the hero of bagumbayan.
Cecilio Apostol
he collected the best of his poem in his book called “CRISALIDAS” and one of the poem written in this book was “INVOCACION A RIZAL”
Fernando Ma. Guerero
well known for his pen name of “BATIKULING”. He and Manuel Bernabe participated in the topic
Jesus Balmori
is a lyric poet. He was more attractive in the public in debate with Balmori because of the melodious worsd
he used, he defend “OLIVIDO”
Manuel Bernabe
He collected his poems in a book called “BAJO LOS COCOTEROS” one of his writings dedicated to Rizal is
“ANTE EL MARTIR”.
Claro M. Recto
The writers in Tagalog continue in their lamentations for
the conditions of the country and their love for one’s native tongue.
“Father of the National Language Grammar” also known as “Apo” of the Tagalog writers “BANAAG AT
SIKAT” was his masterpiece.
Lope K. Santos
known as “Huseng Batute” and also called as the poet of love in his time. “AG ISANG PUNONG
KAHOY” an elegy is believed to be his masterpiece
Jose Corazon de Jesus
Was doubled poet of the laborers his masterpiece is “ANG PANDAY”.
Armando V. Hernandez
Known as “Tandang Anong” he considers “NENA AT NENENG” his masterpiece.
Valeriano Hernandez Pena
a popular storyteller, novelist, and newspaper man, he reach the pick of his success by the “SUMPONG”
of his pen.
Inigo Ed Regalado
JULIAN CRUZ BLAMACEDA CLASSIFIED THREE KINDS OF TAGALOG POETS
Poets of the heart- Makata ng puso
Lope K. Santos, Inigo Ed. Reglado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deo gracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado V.
Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
Poets of Life- Makata ng buhay
Lope K. Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Gatmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez.
Poets of Stage - Makata ng Tanghalan
Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio
In 1995 … short story, “DEAD STARS” , was published and made the landmark maturity of the Philippine Writers.
Soon the stories and writings of Benitez became no longer imitative of American models
Paz Benitez
In 1936 the Philippine writers league was organized Filipino writers in English, begin discussing the value of literature in
society. Initiated by … whose essay “Literature and society” won in the commonwealth award, and this
means that the art must have substance. And that Jose Garcia Villa adherence the “Art For Art’s Sake
Salvador P. Lopez.
Philippine Literature in English
DIVIDED INTO THREE TIME FRAME:
- The period of re-orientation 1898-1910
- Period of Imitation 1910-1924
- Period of self-discovery and growth 1925-1941
JAPANESE REGIME
1941-1945
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- 1941-1945 PHLIPPINE LITERATURE WAS INTERRUPTED
- PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH CAME TO HALT
except for the …, almost all
newspapers in English were stopped by the JAPANESE.
TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW
An English writer turned to write in Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing
in English.
Juan Laya
The weekly LIWAYWAY newspaper was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named ISHAWARA in
other words, Filipino literature was given break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes
were often about life in the provinces.
KANJI ISHIWARA
FILIPINO LITERATURE UNDER JAPANESE PERIOD
The common theme of most poems during this period the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the
barrios, faith, religion, and the arts.
THREE TYPES OF POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD
- HAIKU
- Tanaga
- Karniwang Anyo (Usual Form)
a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. it was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5
syllables, the second line has 7 syllables, and the third line has 5. The HAIKU is allegorical in meaning, it is short and covers a
wide scope in meaning
HAIKU
Like the HAIKU, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables and it’s also allegorical in
meaning.
Tanaga
Like those mentioned earlier in the beginning chapters of this book. it is the usual and
common form of poetry.
Karniwang Anyo (Usual Form)
FILIPINO DRAMA
Drama experiences a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American Films were closed.
English plays reproduced into Tagalog.
The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. And they funded the organization of
Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines.
Translators
Francisco Soc Rodrigo
Alberto Concio,
Narciso Pimentel
Wrote PANDAY PIRA
JOSE MARIA HERNANDEZ
(Wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI
FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO
(Wrote BULAGA-an expression to a game - hide and seek
CLODUALDO DEL MUNDO
The best writings in 1945
First Prize: Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG TINUBUAN
Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA
Third prize: NVM Gonzales’ LUNSOD NAYON AT DAGAT DAGATAN
who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE
PHILIPPINES RISE and his, MOTHER AMERICANS AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS.
Carlos P. Romulo
published With Harp Sling in 1943
Alfredo Litiatcio
published forces that makes Nation Great.
Jose P. Laurel
The Laughter of my Father 1994, The Voice of Bataan 1942.
Carlos Bulosan
TWO MAJOR FORMS OF LITERATURE
- Poetry
- Prose
-This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, sound, imagery, and
form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas.
Poetry
In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures which are mainly
consisting of complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a paragraph form.
Prose
This poetry tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as characters, setting, conflict, etc
Narrative Poetry
This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and is intended to be recited or
sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry.
Dramatic Poetry
It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather than telling a story
Lyric Poetry
This serves as a product of the writer’s wild imagination and creative thinking where the characters react to the conflict
and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work.
Fiction
Three types of fiction
short story, novel, and novella
These are stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences based on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the writers may
be presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like.
Non-fiction
refers to the forms of literature. The general ones are oral and written.
Genre
refer “to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text. They represent the elements of storytelling which
are common to all literary and narrative forms. For example, every story has a theme, a setting, a conflict, and has a particular
point-of-view, and plot, etc. In order to be discussed legitimately as part of a textual analysis, literary elements must be specifically
identified for that particular text.”
Literary elements
The main idea or truth about life an author tries to present.
THEMES
It’s the thesis or real topic of discussion.
Non-Fiction
An abstract concept made concrete through representation in person, action, or image
Fiction
Denotation, Connotation, Moral.
Associated Themes
Time and place where the story is located
SETTING
Epoch in history or season of the year
Time
Occupations & daily manner of living of the characters
Environment
Talks about social, moral, religious, and emotional conditions
Atmosphere
CONFLICT
External
- Man vs. Man
- Man vs. Nature
- Man vs. Society
not well develop or stock character
- Flat
well develop and exhibit so many traits that they seem like real people
Round
A character who remains basically the same inside throughout the story
Static
- A character who changes inside in some significant way
Dynamic character
(Always limited) told in the perspective of a character in the story (“I”)
First Person
(Told by an outside narrator who doesn’t know everything) restrict interior response of the character has an
interior monologue. Third person pronouns “he, she, they”
Third Person
Told by an outside narrator who does know everything) – use second person “you”.
Third Person Omniscient
freytag’s pyramid
exposition > inciting incidents > rising action > climax > falling action > rresolution
