2.11 Coordination and response Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenaline

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to fear or stress
it increases heart rate and boosts the delivery of blood to the muscles, flight or fight response

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2
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that increases the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the kidney

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3
Q

auxins

A

plant hormones that control cell elongation and plant growth

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord which coordinates the response of effectors

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5
Q

Coordination centres

A

areas of the body like the brain, spinal cord and pancreas that receive and process information from the receptors

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6
Q

Effectors

A

muscles or glands which bring about responses

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7
Q

Eye

A

a sense organ containing photoreceptors in the retina sensitive to light intensities (rods) and colour (cones)

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8
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovary and stimulates the release of oestrogen

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9
Q

Geo/Gravitropism

A

a plants directional growth in response to gravity controlled by auxin

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a stable environment in the body

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11
Q

Insulin

A

a hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood sugar glucose concentration is too high, reducing blood glucose concentrations by increasing the uptake of glucose from the blood into the liver

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12
Q

Luteinising hormone (LH)

A

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation and the release of progesterone

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13
Q

Nerves

A

cells that link the CNS to sense organs sensory neurones connecting receptors to the CNS
relay neurones connecting sensory neurones to motor neurones in the CNS
motor neurones which connect to effectors

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical that are released at synapses

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15
Q

Oestrogen

A

a female sex hormone released by the ovaries and stimulates the growth of the uterus lining whilst inhibiting the release of FSH

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16
Q

Phototropism

A

a plants directional growth in response to light

17
Q

Progesterone

A

a hormone produced in the ovaries, specifically by the corpus luteum and the placenta that maintains the uterus lining and inhibits the release of FSH and LH

18
Q

Receptors

A

cells that detect a stimulus

19
Q

Reflex arc

A

a rapid and automatic response to a stimulus
pathway of neurones:
stimulus–>receptor–>sensory neurone–>relay neurone–>motor neurone–>effector–>response

20
Q

Stimulus

A

a change in an organisms internal or external environment that can be detected by receptors

21
Q

Sweating

A

a secretion of sweat onto the surface of the skin by sweat glands
the evaporation of the water in sweat removes heat energy from the skin, cooling the body down by removing that heat

22
Q

Synapses

A

a junction between two nerve cells where neurotransmitters are released to diffuse across

23
Q

Target hormone

A

the organ which a hormone acts upon to produce an effect

24
Q

Testosterone

A

the main male reproductive hormone, produced by the testes, stimulating sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

25
Q

Vasocontriction

A

constriction of blood vessels near the surface of the skin
less blood flows to the skin surface
less heat loss
less radiation/convection

26
Q

Vasodilation

A

the dilation of blood vessels near the surface of the skin
more blood flows to the skin surface
increasing heat loss
more radiation/convection

27
Q

Exam question: Describe the structure and functioning of the withdrawal reflex of a finger from a hot object. 4/5 marks

A

receptors in skin surface detect stimulus
send an impulse
sensory neurone to relay neurone
via diffusion of neurotransmitters
at the synapse
motor neurone to muscle
muscle contracts

28
Q

What happens in the sweat glands when entering a cold environment?

A

less sweat released
less sweat evaporates/less heat loss

29
Q

Exam question structure: Explain how this evolutionary change was brought about by natural selection.

A

variation in …
caused by mutation
(state a point about the change e.eg. less hair increases heat loss)
survive and reproduce
pass on gene to offspring