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COT - Exam 1 > 2.1 (Lecture 2) - Ultrastructure > Flashcards

2.1 (Lecture 2) - Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

P-face

A
  • protoplasmic face of the lipid bilayer

- intracellular

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2
Q

E-face

A
  • ectoplasmic face of the lipid bilayer

- extracellular

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3
Q

freez-fracture technique

A
  • method allowing a split of the middle of the lipid bilayer through the middle of the hydrophobic tails from each side
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4
Q

glycocalyx

A
  • an important functional extension of the cell - fromed of the extracellular glycosylations associated with other extracellular molecules
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5
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • has a phospholipid membrane

- site of protein production

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

translation of mRNA into proteins

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7
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

site of lipid + steroid production

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8
Q

golgi apparatus

A

site of protein packaging and addressing

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9
Q

mitchondria

A
  • responsible for producing energy from ATP
  • highly sterotypical and recognizable structure with outer membrane + inner cistae
  • high density of mitochondria can make a cytoplasm appear more eosinophilic (pink in H&E stain)
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10
Q

basal striations

A
  • folds of a membrane in cells where mitochondria provide energy to basally located ion pumps or other transmembrane pore proteins
  • (may be barely visable under LM - because of spatial constraints the folds place on eosinophilic mitochondria)
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11
Q

endocytosis

A

uptake of substances from the extracellular space

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12
Q

pinocytosis

A

uptake of small substances

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13
Q

phagocytosis

A

uptake of substances followed by their digestion

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14
Q

endosome

A

= the containing vesicle during phagocytosis

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15
Q

lysosomes

A
  • a special type of endosome?

- specialized vesicle for phagocytosis that contains hydrolase enzymes

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16
Q

perioxisomes

A

vesicle designed to breakdown FAs through oxygenation

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17
Q

residual bodies

A
  • undigestable remnants of metabolic processes that accumulate in cells
  • are more prevalent in long lived cells
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18
Q

exocytosis

A

process of removing substances out to the extracellular space

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19
Q

regulated exocytosis

A
  • primarily by Ca++ and SNARE proteins

- they control fusion with the cell membrane

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20
Q

constitutive exocytosis

A

release without any specific signal

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21
Q

thin filaments (actin)

A
  • 1 of 3 long-chain molecules comprising the cytoskeleton

- generally sit beneath the cell membrane

22
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • 1 of 3 long-chain molecules comprising the cytoskeleton
  • keratins, desmin, vimentin, others
  • form a scaffolding
23
Q

microtubules

A
  • 1 of 3 long-chain molecules comprising the cytoskeleton

- form a transport network radiating outward from the MTOC

24
Q

centriole

A
  • organizes the microtubules as they radiate outward from the MTOC
25
Q

centrosomes

A

The name for MTOCs during cell division

26
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • also called Macula Adherens (adhering spot)
  • comprised of cadherin proteins
  • intracellularly bind with cytoskeletal keratin
  • Appears in Em as a roundish density centered over the membranes of the two adjacent cells
27
Q

hemidesmosome

A
  • when a desmosome is used to bind a connective tissue = hemidesmosome
28
Q

gap-junctions

A
  • create an electrically conductive channel between neighboring cells through transmembrane connexin proteins
  • do not bind the cytoskeleton
29
Q

adhering junction

A
  • also called the Zonula Adherens

- connects with cytoskeletal actin (thin filaments?)

30
Q

tight junction

A
  • also called Zonula Occludens
  • consists of transport membrane proteins (claudins + occludins)
  • they are arranged in multiple linear structures
  • special because: form a barrier between cells that is largely impermeable even to water and ions
31
Q

junctional complex

A
  • often connects epithelial cells at their lateral surfaces in simple epithelia
  • consists of tight junctions(zonula occludens), adhering junctions (zonula adherens), desmosomes (macula adherens)
  • will be clustered in a distinct band-shaped region at the most apical portion of the lateral cell membrane
32
Q

cilia

A
  • long, motile, membrane-bound structures
  • protrude from cell membrane
  • in epithelia = apical surface specializations
  • normal FXN: move material along the epithelial surface
33
Q

axoneme

A
  • the core of the cilium
  • highly recognizable in EM by its characteristic “9 doublet plus 2 central” arrangement of modified microtubules
  • insert within the cell into basal bodies
34
Q

basal bodies

A
  • microtubule structures that have a “9 triplets plus zero” arrangement
  • are the location where the axoneme of cilia insert into the cell membrane
35
Q

microvillus

A
  • membrane-bound apical surface specialization
  • consists of longitudinally-arranged f-actin (filamentous actin)
  • inserts into the actin of the cytoskeleton (thin filaments?)
36
Q

terminal web

A
  • if the longitudinally arrange f-actin microvilli are numerous –> they form an area of the cell known as the terminal web
37
Q

nucleus

A

contains cell’s DNA

38
Q

nuclear membrane

A
  • membrane of the nucleus that contains the cells DNA
  • is continuous with the rER
  • contains nuclear pores
39
Q

nuclear pores

A

nuclear membrane proteins that allow the transport of RNA and small molecules

40
Q

euchromatin

A
  • DNA complex in LM when it is largely unpacked

- appears light

41
Q

heterochromatin

A
  • DNA complex in LM when it is tightly packed

- appears dark

42
Q

nucleolus

A
  • site of rRNA production
43
Q

centromere

A
  • organizes chromosomes during cell division

- binds homologous chromosomes at their center

44
Q

telomeres

A
  • cap the ends of chromosomes during cell division
45
Q

mitosis

A
  • equal division of a cell
  • cells go from 2n1x –> 2n2x –> 2n1x
    (n=chromosome #; x=copy #)
46
Q

prophase

A

chromosomal replication during mitosis

47
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomal alignment during mitosis

48
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomal separation during mitosis

49
Q

telophase

A

cell division during mitosis

50
Q

meiosis

A
  • unequal division of germ cells
  • cells divide twice
  • 2n1x –> 2n2x –> 1n2x (division 1) –> 1n1x (division 2)
51
Q

apoptosis

A
  • process of controlled cell death
    1) dissolution of the chromosomal material
    2) autodigestion
    3) lysing of the cell
  • Important for controlling: cell #, cell quality, responsiveness of growth processes to environmental cues
  • designed to minimize exposure of the lysed cell to the immune system
52
Q

MTOC

A
  • referred to as a centrosome during cell division

- the center of the transport network of microtubules within a cell

COT - Exam 1 (26 decks)

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